MM 1-4

Question 1

Germ line tissue

Answer 1

testes and ovary

Question 2

Diploid cell

Answer 2

2 pairs of chromosome, one from mama, one from papa. Somatic cells

Question 3

Haploid cell

Answer 3

1 pair of chromosomes, having undergone recombination and independent assortment. Egg and sperm cells.

Question 4

De novo

Answer 4

Mutations that occur in meiosis (De novo) are present in egg or sperm. Upon fertilization, the mutated cell replicates and therefore all cells in the offspring contain the mutated gene.

Question 5

Cell Differentiation:

Answer 5

process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized type.

Question 6

Morphogenesis

Answer 6

Morphogenesis is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.. I

Question 7

Niche

Answer 7

Micro environmental factors (the niche) provide the signal regulation and support for cells to differentiate.

Question 8

Where are stem cell found?

Answer 8

found in embryonic cells, tissues, and can be induced in labs.

Question 9

Pluripotent

Answer 9

stem cells able to become all possible types of specialized cells. Embryonic

Question 10

Multipotent

Answer 10

stem cells that can only make cell found in the type of tissue they belong tofound in skin, gut, marrow, eye, brain, testes..

Question 11

Progenitors

Answer 11

down field product of stem cells, somewhat differentiated, multipotent, and divide rapidly but do not self renew. End product are cells that perform work and do not divide themselves.

Question 12

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC):

Answer 12

Bone marrow. Commited progenitors that become blood cells.

Question 13

Neural Stem Cells (NSC):

Answer 13

Brain. Committed progenitors become that neurons, dendrites, and astrocytes.

Question 14

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells:

Answer 14

Somatic cells reverse engineered to become stem pluripotent cells. Resolves ethical dilemma regarding embryonic stem cells.

Question 15

Totipotent Stem Cells:

Answer 15

Can become all types of cells, including placenta and umbilical cord. Only exist before 8 cell stage.

Question 16

Purines

Answer 16

Purines: Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)

Question 17

Pyrimidines

Answer 17

Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine, uracil (1 ring)

Question 18

What forces hold DNA together?

Answer 18

Hydrogen bonds between bases.

Sugar and phosphate bonded with covalent phosphodiester bond. Stacked bases bonded by van der waals.

Question 19

Nucleotide

Answer 19

Nucleotide: Base, ribose, and phosphate.

Question 20

Nucleoside

Answer 20

Nucleoside: Base & Ribose

Question 21

How is DNA condensed?

Answer 21

DNA, attracted to the positive charge, wraps around clusters of 8 histones, with another histone between clumps. These bundles are called nucleosomes that have the appearance of bead on a string. Nucleosomes are further consolidated into chromatin fibers, which spiral tightly to form chromosomes..

Question 22

Nucleosomes

Answer 22

Clusters containing DNA wrapped around 8 histones, with a 9th in between.

Question 23

Heterochromatin

Answer 23

Heterochromatin are segments of chromosomes that are dark in color, tightly packed, and gene poor with no transcription.

Question 24

Euchromatin

Answer 24

Euchromatin are segments of chromosomes that are light colored, loosely condensed, and gene rich with active transcription.

Question 25

Conserved DNA

Answer 25

Conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences in nucleic acids across species or within different molecules produced by the same organism. Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by evolution despite speciation. Sequences are only likely to be highly conserved if they are required for basic cellular functions, stability or reproduction.

Accounts for less than 5% of DNA.

Question 26

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 26

Very small, circular, codes for 37 genes, exclusively maternal, & 93% of contains transcribed genes.

Question 27

Interphase

Answer 27

The majority of a cell’s cycle, excluding mitosis, when cells grow and replicate their DNA and centrosome.

Question 28

G1 phase

Answer 28

The first stage after mitosis. The cell grows, produces organelles and proteins, and prepares for DNA replication.

Question 29

S phase

Answer 29

DNA is replicated. This is where point mutations are introduced.

Question 30

G2 phase

Answer 30

Cell scans replicated DNA for errors before mitosis.

Question 31

Mitosis

Answer 31

Mitosis: Cell division producing two diploid cells with 46 chromosomes.

Question 32

Prophase

Answer 32

Prophase: Transcription ceases; chromatin condenses into sister chromatids, centrosomes move to polar ends, and mitotic spindles form.

Question 33

Prometaphase

Answer 33

Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindles seek out kinetochores.

Question 34

Metaphase

Answer 34

Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in cell center.

Question 35

Anaphase

Answer 35

Anaphase: Chromatids are separated.

Question 36

Telophase

Answer 36

Telophase: Cell divides and nuclear envelope forms.

Question 37

Cytokinesis

Answer 37

Cytokinesis: Not a stage of mitosis because not all cell undergo cytokinesis (if they are to have multiple nuclei). Cytokinesis is the process of the membranes merging to make two distinct cells.

Question 38

Kinetechore

Answer 38

The protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. Closely associated with the centromere.

Question 39

Meiosis 1

Answer 39

Unlike mitosis, chromosomes do not line up, but rather homologous chromosome cross over forming tetrads with genetic recombination. This crossing over mixes the genes from the mother and father. Meiosis 1 then occurs, pulling the tetrads (which are randomly assorted) apart, resulting in each daughter cell having 26 chromosomes (in x form) with newly mixed genes.

Question 40

Meiosis 2

Answer 40

In meiosis 2 the chromatids of the 26 chromosomes get pulled apart, resulting in 4 cells that have only one copy of DNA.

Question 41

tetrad

Answer 41

when 2 homologous chromosome join up during meiosis 1. Crossing over and recombination occur here.

Question 42

In what phase of Meiosis does recombination occur?

Answer 42

1

Question 43

Independent assortment

Answer 43

Independent assortment is the randomness in the direction that the homologous chromosomes are aligned and divided.

Question 44

When and where does female meiosis occur?

Answer 44

In females, egg cells form while in utero but arrest just before meiosis 1. Later, after puberty, the primary oocyte will undergo meiosis 1 & 2 every month and the cell will divide into four, 3 of which become polar bodies while the other becomes the oocyte. Nondisjunction can occur here during the meiosis.

Question 45

Recombination

Answer 45

Recombination occurs during meiosis 1 when the homologous chromosomes align to form tetrads. Chromosomes join one another at the Chiasmata (particular points where crossing over can occur).

Question 46

Chiasmata

Answer 46

Chromosomal sites where homologous chromosomes attach to each other during Meiosis 1. Crossing over occurs here. On average there are 55 chiasmata on male chromosomes and 50% more on womens. So more genetic variance comes from women.

Question 47

Monogenic disease

Answer 47

Defect resulting from a single gene defect. Follows Mendelian pattern.

Question 48

Polygenic

Answer 48

Polygenic: Defect resulting from the interaction of several gene defects. Complex, non-Mendelian inheritance pattern.