MLM Flashcards
MLM
What are the common notations used in Multilevel Modeling (MLM)?
What is Multilevel Modeling (MLM)?
MLM is a statistical technique used to analyze data that is nested within different levels (e.g., students within schools, employees within organizations)(Heck & Thomas - Chapter…)(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What is nesting in MLM?
Nesting refers to the hierarchical structure of data where units at one level (e.g., individuals) are nested within higher-level units (e.g., groups or organizations)(Heck & Thomas - Chapter…).
What is the Intraclass Correlation (ICC)?
The ICC indicates the proportion of the total variance in the outcome that is attributable to differences between groups (higher-level units)(Class 4 - Estimating Tw…)(Heck & Thomas - Chapter…).
What does it mean to center predictors in MLM?
Centering predictors means adjusting the values of variables so that the intercept has meaningful interpretation, either by subtracting the grand mean (grand-mean centering) or group mean (group-mean centering)(Class 4 - Estimating Tw…).
What is a cross-level interaction?
A cross-level interaction occurs when a higher-level variable moderates the relationship between lower-level variables (e.g., how school-level factors affect the relationship between student motivation and achievement)(Class 4 - Estimating Tw…).
What is variance reduction in MLM?
Variance reduction refers to how much variance in the outcome variable is explained by adding predictors at different levels (individual and group levels)(Class 4 - Estimating Tw…).
What are the limitations of single-level models when applied to multilevel data?
Single-level models can lead to underestimation of variances and standard errors, violate the assumption of independent errors, and potentially lead to false conclusions (e.g., ecological or atomistic fallacies)(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What is the difference between between-cluster effects and within-cluster effects in MLM?
Between-cluster effects represent associations that operate between groups (e.g., schools), while within-cluster effects represent associations within the groups themselves (e.g., students within a school)(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What are the advantages of MLM over single-level models?
MLM provides better error specification, allows for more accurate estimates, and can account for variability at multiple levels, allowing for the modeling of random effects and cross-level interactions(Class 4 - Estimating Tw…)(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What is the purpose of cluster-robust standard errors in MLM alternatives?
Cluster-robust standard errors adjust for clustering in the data by correcting standard errors without explicitly modeling multiple levels, useful when MLM is unnecessary(Class 2 - Introduction …).
How are population-averaged methods (PAMs) different from MLM?
PAMs account for clustering by adjusting standard errors without splitting the data into multiple levels. These methods are suitable when the primary interest is not on hierarchical effects but on overall trends(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What is the atomistic fallacy in single-level models?
The atomistic fallacy occurs when inferences about groups are incorrectly drawn from individual-level data(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What is the ecological fallacy in single-level models?
The ecological fallacy occurs when relationships observed at the group level are incorrectly assumed to apply to individuals(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What are alternatives to MLM when clustering is not of substantive interest?
Alternatives include population-averaged methods (PAMs), cluster-robust standard errors, and generalized estimating equations (GEE)(Class 2 - Introduction …).
What is the Null Model equation in multilevel modeling (MLM)?
What does the random effect in the Null Model represent?
What is the Conditional Model equation for MLM with one predictor at Level-1?
What is the Mixed-Effect Equation for MLM?
What is the Random Intercepts and Slopes Model?
What is a fixed effect in the context of MLM?
