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Aedin Minogue > ML1 General Properties of Sense Organs > Flashcards

ML1 General Properties of Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Charge

A

imbalance between positive and negative particles

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2
Q

Current

A

flow of eletrically charged particles

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3
Q

Voltage

A

potential difference between two points

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4
Q

Electric potential

A

work required to move a charge (charged particle) from a reference point to a specified point

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5
Q

Membrane potential

A

voltage of the cell i.e. the difference between charges inside and outside the cell (difference in charge across the membrane)

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6
Q

Stimulus

A

change detectable by the body

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7
Q

Modality

A

energy form of the stimulus

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8
Q

Classes of nerve fibres

A

Aα, Aβ, Aγ, A𝛿, B and C

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9
Q

Group IA and IB afferents are which class?

A

Aα

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10
Q

Group II afferents are which class?

A

Aβ

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11
Q

Group III afferents are which class?

A

A𝛿

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12
Q

What size are Aα fibres?

A

15 microms

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13
Q

What size are Aβ fibres?

A

12-14 microms

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14
Q

What size are Aγ fibres?

A

8-10 microms

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15
Q

What size are A𝛿 fibres?

A

6-8 microms

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16
Q

What size are B fibres?

A

2-5 microms

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17
Q

What size are C fibres?

A
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18
Q

At what speed do Aα fibres conduct?

A

60-100 m/s

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19
Q

At what speed do Aβ fibres conduct?

A

30-60 m/s

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20
Q

At what speed do Aγ fibres conduct?

A

15-20 m/s

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21
Q

At what speed do A𝛿 fibres conduct?

A

10-15 m/s

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22
Q

At what speed do B fibres conduct?

A

3-10 m/s

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23
Q

At what speed do C fibres conduct?

A
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24
Q

What are the functions of Aα fibres?

A

the large motor axons - muscle stretch and tension sensory axons

25
Q

What are the functions of Aβ fibres?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, joint position

26
Q

What are the functions of Aγ fibres?

A

gamma motor neurons - muscle contraction

27
Q

What are the functions of A𝛿 fibres?

A

sharp pain, very light touch, temperature

28
Q

What are the functions of B fibres?

A

sympathetic preganglionic motor axons (sometimes sensory visceral)

29
Q

What are the functions of C fibres?

A

temperature and dull, aching, burning pain

30
Q

Which nerve fibre classes are myelinated?

A

(usually) all except group C

31
Q

Two factors that affect conduction velocity

A

axon diameter (wider = faster) and myelination (myelinated = 50x faster)

32
Q

Myelin

A

membrane component from glia (mixture of phospholipids & proteins) which surrounds and insulates axons of the CNS and PNS

33
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin where the membrane is uninsulated

this is where sodium channels are and where the AP can be propagated

34
Q

Which cells provide myelination?

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann cells

35
Q

Sensory info comes in through the _ root

A

dorsal

36
Q

Motor info goes out through the _ root

A

ventral

37
Q

Five sensory modalities

A

vision, hearing, olfaction, gustation, somatosensation

38
Q

Four somatosensory submodalities

A

touch, proprioception, temperature, pain

39
Q

Five receptor types

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors

40
Q

Receptive field

A

particular region of a sensory space that will trigger firing of the neuron

41
Q

Tactile acuity

A

distance between receptive fields

42
Q

Factors affecting receptive field

A

connectivity (convergence, divergence or inhibition)

43
Q

Special senses

A

senses detected by a specialised organ i.e. vision, olfaction, hearing/balance, gustation

44
Q

General senses

A

senses that aren’t sensed by a specialised organ i.e. touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, pressure, vibration

45
Q

Special sense receptors

A

receptors of the special senses that use receptor potentials

46
Q

Free nerve endings

A

modified endings of afferent neurons that act as receptors for the general senses by using generator potentials

47
Q

Receptor potential

A

Stimulus activates the receptor. The receptor transmit a chemical messenger which opens the LGICs of the afferent neuron which then transmits an AP.

48
Q

Generator potential

A

Stimulus activates the modified nerve ending of the afferent neuron which then activates the VGICs of the afferent neurons causing it to transmit an AP.

49
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of energy forms to electrical signals via a generator potential

50
Q

Adaptation

A

Change in sensitivity to a long-lasting stimulus

Tonic or phasic

51
Q

Tonic receptors (def, e.g., receptor type)

A

Slowly adapt (or don’t at all)
Pain, body position, chemical composition of blood and CSF
Proportional receptors

52
Q

Phasic receptors (def, e.g., receptor type)

A

Quickly adapt
Pressure, touch, sound, smell
Differential receptors

53
Q

How is quality of stimulus determined?

A

Number of APs transmitted

Number of sensory receptors activated

54
Q

Adaptation mechanisms

A

Chemical - inactivation of channels

Mechanical - slipping of layers of specialised nerve ending

55
Q

In the DCML pathway the first order neuron synapses on the second order neuron in the _

A

medulla

56
Q

In the DCML pathway the second order neuron synapses on the third order neuron in the _

A

thalamus

57
Q

In the ST pathway the first order neuron synapses on the second order neuron in the _

A

spinal cord

58
Q

In the ST pathway the second order neuron synapses on the third order neuron in the _

A

thalamus

59
Q

Tactile acuity can be measured by…

A

two-point touch discrimination (minimum distance at which two points are perceived as separate)

Aedin Minogue (4 decks)

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