Mixture of things from A+P text book

Question 1

Which describes the study of the functions of body structures?

a) anatomy
b) physiology
c) endocrinology
d) histology
e) immunology

Answer 1

Answer: b

Question 2

A group of cells that work together to perform a particular function is a(n)

a) tissue
b) organ
c) molecules
d) compounds
e) organism

Answer 2

Answer: a

Question 3

What process occurs when amino acids build new proteins

a) metabolism
b) anabolism
c) catabolism
d) responsiveness
e) differentiation

Answer 3

Answer: b

Question 4

How are reproduction, differentiation and growth related?

Answer 4

Reproduction occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell to form a zygote, followed by repeated cell divisions and the differentiation of these cells
Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.

Question 5

The two organ systems that predominantly regulate and maintain homeostasis are the

a) cardiovascular and integumentary systems.
b) nervous and endocrine systems.
c) cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
d) respiratory and muscular systems.
e) urinary and integumentary systems.

Answer 5

Answer: b

Question 6

Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues?

a) lymph
b) blood plasma
c) interstitial fluid
d) intracellular fluid
e) vitreous body

Answer 6

Answer: c

Question 7

Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems.

Answer 7

A positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition.

Question 8

Hormonal or electrical signals are sent from the control center to the

a) receptors
b) stimulus
c) afferent pathway
d) effectors
e) efferent pathway

Answer 8

Answer: d

Question 9

A component that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in blood would be the

a) receptor
b) muscle
c) response
d) effector

Answer 9

Answer: a

Question 10

If blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain level, Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited and stop secreting TRH. This is an example of

a) negative feedback
b) positive feedback

Answer 10

Answer: a

Question 11

Cardiomyopathy worsens as the heart weakens. Swelling in the legs occurs and is classified as a… (Select all that apply)

a) symptom.
b) disorder.
c) disturbance.
d) disease.
e) sign.

Answer 11

Answer 1: b
Answer 2: c
Answer 3: e

Question 12

Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 12

In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

Question 13

Put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the lungs are located

a) thoracic, ventral ,parietal pleura, visceral pleura
b) ventral, visceral pleura, thoracic, parietal pleura,
c) ventral, thoracic, parietal pleura, visceral pleura
d) thoracic, ventral, visceral pleura, parietal pleura

Answer 13

Answer: c

Question 14

Put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the urinary bladder is located

a) ventral, abdominopelvic, pelvic, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal
b) abdominopelvic, ventral. pelvic, visceral peritoneal, parietal peritoneal
c) ventral, abdominopelvic, visceral peritoneal, pelvic, parietal peritoneal
d) abdominopelvic, pelvic, ventral, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal

Answer 14

Answer: a

Question 15

Which cavity contains the heart?

a) cranial cavity
b) vertebral cavity
c) abdominal cavity
d) pericardial cavity
e) pleural cavity

Answer 15

Answer: d

Question 16

The function of the secretions of the pleura, is to…

a) separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
b) protect the central nervous system.
c) prevent infection.
d) reduce friction between neighboring organs.
e) carry nervous impulses.

Answer 16

Answer: d

Question 17

Cutting open the chest at the sternal marking would represent a(n)

a) sagittal plane
b) midsagittal plane
c) transverse plane
d) oblique plane
e) coronal plane

Answer 17

Answer: b

Question 18

Amputation of the arm at the shoulder would be a(n)

a) frontal plane
b) parasagittal plane
c) transverse plane
d) oblique plane
e) midsagittal plane

Answer 18

Answer: b

Question 19

Cutting the body in half at the diaphragm, would create the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. What plane would create these halves?

a) frontal
b) sagittal
c) transverse
d) oblique
e) midsagittal

Answer 19

Answer: c

Question 20

When holding your arms out to the side at shoulder level, your fingers are ________from your midline.

a) medial
b) anterior
c) proximal
d) posterior
e) lateral

Answer 20

Answer: e

Question 21

When your fingers touch your shoulder, they are considered________from the shoulder?

a) proximal
b) contralateral
c) lateral
d) superficial
e) distal

Answer 21

Answer: e

Question 22

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is _____ to the liver.

a) inferior
b) anterior
c) contralateral
d) superior
e) superficial

Answer 22

Answer: d

Question 23

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is _____ to the heart.

a) posterior
b) anterior
c) inferior
d) superior
e) lateral

Answer 23

Answer: b

Question 24

the ascending colon and the gallbladder are considered ________to each other

a) ipsilateral
b) contralateral
c) lateral
d) distal
e) posterior

Answer 24

Answer: a

Question 25

Which two organs in are in the abdominal cavity? Select all that apply.

a) liver
b) stomach
c) lung
d) heart
e) transverse colon

Answer 25

Answer 1: a
Answer 2: b
Answer 3: e

Question 26

the femoral area is _____to the cervical area?

a) superior
b) inferior
c) medial
d) proximal
e) posterior

Answer 26

Answer: b

Question 27

The ribs are _____ to the sternum.

a) lateral
b) medial
c) proximal
d) distal
e) superi

Answer 27

Answer: a

Question 28

The stomach is _____ to the urinary bladder.

a) lateral
b) medial
c) distal
d) inferior
e) superior

Answer 28

Answer: e

Question 29

Name the cavities of the trunk and the serous membranes that line them.

Answer 29

The two main cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity can be divided into three smaller cavities called the pericardial cavity, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities.
The pericardial cavity is lined by the pericardium. The pleural cavity is lined by the pleura.
The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities, both of which are lined by the peritoneum.

Question 30

Explain the relationship between the skeletal system and the urinary system?

Answer 30

The skeletal system supports and protects organs within the body, stores minerals. Within the bones are the cells that produce blood cells.
The urinary system helps regulate the production of red blood cells and helps maintain the body’s mineral balance.

Question 31

Name the structural levels of the body and briefly describe each level.

Answer 31

The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules.
The cellular level consists of cells which are the smallest form of life.
The tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function.
The organ level consists of organs, constructed from different types of tissue that can provide several different specific functions.
The organ systems consist of one or more organs that are interlinked in general functions.
The organism is made up of all the organ systems, which work to provide homeostasis.

Question 32

List and briefly describe the six basic life processes.

Answer 32

1) Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body
2) Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli.
3) Movement includes motions that range from movements within individual cells to movement of the entire body.
4) Growth means an increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells.
5) Differentiation is the process that converts a cell from unspecialized to specialized.
6) Reproduction refers to formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual.

Question 33

Describe a feedback system and list its general components.

Answer 33

A feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostasis. A feedback system will include a receptor that detects the stimuli, a control center that receives the input from the receptor and generates an output, and an effector that receives the output and produces a response.

Question 34

Which noninvasive diagnostic techniques is an example of inspection?

a) tapping and listening for an echo to detect fluid in the lungs
b) feeling the abdomen to detect tender organs
c) listening for crackling sounds during breathing
d) examining the surface of patient’s skin for presence of a rash
e) feeling the gonads to detect abnormal masses

Answer 34

Answer: d

Question 35

Which subspecialty of physiology addresses pharmacology, chemistry and physiology of nervous tissue?

a) endocrinology
b) cardiovascular physiology
c) neurophysiology
d) immunology
e) pathophysiology

Answer 35

Answer: c

Question 36

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the effects of hormones control of reproduction?

a) endocrinology
b) cardiovascular physiology
c) neurophysiology
d) immunology
e) pathophysiology

Answer 36

Answer: a

Question 37

If one was reviewing the pattern of tissue changes associated with disease development, they would be studying

a) exercise physiology
b) renal physiology
c) pathological anatomy
d) cardiovascular physiology
e) immunology

Answer 37

Answer: c

Question 38

An antigen is anything that can cause an immune response. Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of these responses?

a) exercise physiology
b) renal physiology
c) pathophysiology
d) cardiovascular physiology
e) immunology

Answer 38

Answer: e

Question 39

If a doctor listens to a gurgling noise within the gastrointestinal tract, they are performing

a) inspection
b) palpation
c) percussion
d) auscultation

Answer 39

Answer: d

Question 40

Blood is often drawn from the front of the elbow or the _______ marking.

a) olecranal
b) antecubital
c) carpal
d) digital
e) antebrachial

Answer 40

Answer: b

Question 41

Swimmers ear is an infection in the outer ear canal. What anatomical term refers to the area infected?

a) otic
b) orbital
c) ocular
d) oral
e) occipital

Answer 41

Answer: a

Question 42

Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis are muscles that help move what anatomical marking?

a) pollex
b) tarsal
c) hallux
d) volar
e) carpal

Answer 42

Answer: a

Question 43

Which cavity contains the urinary bladder?

a) thoracic
b) abdominal
c) pelvic
d) spinal

Answer 43

Answer: c

Question 44

What physically separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Answer 44

The diaphragm

Question 45

Which cavity is lined by serous membranes. Select all that apply?

a) Cranial
b) Spinal
c) thoracic
d) abdominal
e) pelvic

Answer 45

Answer 1: c
Answer 2: d
Answer 3: e

Question 46

Which cavity contains the main control centers in the feedback cycle?

a) Cranial
b) Spinal
c) thoracic
d) abdominal
e) pelvic

Answer 46

Answer: a

Question 47

The pericardial cavity is located inside the

a) parietal pleura
b) visceral pleura
c) parietal periotneum
d) visceral peritoneum
e) mediastinum

Answer 47

Answer: e

Question 48

What cavity contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas and the duodenum?

a) retroperitoneal
b) visceral pleura
c) parietal pericardium
d) visceral peritoneum
e) mediastinum

Answer 48

Answer: a

Question 49

Referring to the the abdominal quadrants, where would an appendectomy occur?

a) Right hypochondriac region
b) upper epigastric
c) left hypochondriac region
d) right lumbar region
e) umbilical region
f) left lumbar region
g) right inguinal region
h) hypogastric (pelvic) region
i) left inguinal region

Answer 49

Answer: g

Question 50

A patient has a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). Which abdominopelvic region would the doctor perform surgery

a) Right hypochondriac region
b) upper epigastric
c) left hypochondriac region
d) right lumbar region
e) umbilical region
f) left lumbar region
g) right inguinal region
h) hypogastric (pelvic) region
i) left inguinal region

Answer 50

Answer: b

Question 51

Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body’s internal environment.

Answer 51

An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions containing the dissolved substances needed to sustain life. The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid (ICF) and the fluid found outside of cells is extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF consists of interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous. The ECF called interstitial fluid, which is the fluid found in the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, is also known as the body’s internal environment. This is due to the fact that the proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them.

Question 52

Which examples exhibit the basic life process of growth?

1. muscle contraction
2. digestion of proteins
3. lifting weights and gaining muscle mass
4. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) 3 and 4

Answer 52

Answer: e

Question 53

Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of ______; Itching the mosquito bite is an example of ____________.

Dropdown choices:
differentiation
growth
movement
reproduction
responsiveness

Answer 53

Answer 1: responsiveness

Answer 2: movement

Question 54

During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and anxiety. These changes in your body functions are considered

a) signs.
b) symptoms.
c) receptors.
d) controlled condition.
e) responsiveness.

Answer 54

Answer: b

Question 55

_____occurs when an embryonic stem cell becomes a neuron.

a) catabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) anabolism
e) differentiation

Answer 55

Answer: e

Question 56

Which body process is controlled using a positive feedback loop? Select all that apply

a) decreasing blood calcium in response to elevated blood calcium
b) decreasing body temperature in response to elevated body temperature
c) decreasing blood glucose in response to elevated blood glucose
d) increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch
e) decreasing heart rate in response to elevated blood pressure
f) depolarization causes sodium channels to open and the opening of sodium channels causes the membrane to depolarize

Answer 56

Answer 1: d

Answer 2: f

Question 57

Which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?

a) skin
b) arteries
c) brain
d) heart
e) pituitary gland

Answer 57

Answer: c

Question 58

What are common characteristic of a negative feedback system? Select all that apply

a) regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods
b) a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.
c) important in maintaining homeostasis
d) involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems
e) stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus
f) rate of a process increases as the concentration of the product increases

Answer 58

Answer 1: a
Answer 2: c
Answer 3: d
Answer 4: e

Question 59

Place the following levels of organization from the most complex to the simplest level of organization.

a) chemical level, tissue level, cellular level, organismal level organ level,
b) chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organismal level
c) cellular level, tissue level, organ level, chemical level, organismal level
d) chemical level, organ level, cellular level, tissue level, organismal level

Answer 59

Answer: b

Question 60

Which tissue will form the top layer of the skin?

a) epithelial tissue
b) connective tissue
c) muscular tissue
d) necrotic tissue
e) nervous tissue

Answer 60

Answer: a

Question 61

Based on the correct levels of organization, why is the skin considered an organ?

a) chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system – organism. Organs interact to form systems.
b) cellular - chemical - tissue - organ - organ system – organism. Organs are a combination of cells.
c) organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular – chemical. Organs are a combination of tissues.
d) Organs are a combination of molecules.

Answer 61

Answer: c

Question 62

Which structure or region could one clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position?

a) shoulder blade
b) palm of the hand
c) plantar surface of foot
d) popliteal region of the knee
e) gluteal region

Answer 62

Answer: b

Question 63

Which of the following structures or regions could you clearly see when you are viewing the posterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position? Select all that apply.

a) shoulder blade
b) palm of the hand
c) plantar surface of foot
d) popliteal region of the knee
e) gluteal region

Answer 63

Answer 1: a
Answer 2: d
Answer 3: e

Question 64

Measuring the movements of protons in a magnetic field is

a) computed tomography
b) magnetic resonance imaging
c) ultrasound scanning
d) radionuclide scanning
e) amniocentesis

Answer 64

Answer: b

Question 65

Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which medical imaging?

a) computed tomography
b) magnetic resonance imaging
c) ultrasound scanning
d) radionuclide scanning
e) low-dose radiography

Answer 65

Answer: e

Question 66

Mothers are able to visualize a fetus during pregnancy through

a) computed tomography
b) magnetic resonance imaging
c) ultrasound scanning
d) radionuclide scanning
e) amniocentesis

Answer 66

Answer: c

Question 67

Metabolism of the brain can be measured through

a) computed tomography
b) magnetic resonance imaging
c) ultrasound scanning
d) positron emission tomorography
e) low-dose radiography

Answer 67

Answer: d

Question 68

Match the serous membrane with its location
Visceral pericardium: __________
Parietal peritoneum: __________
Parietal pleural: __________

Drop Down Choices:
adheres to the outside of the heart
lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
lines the wall of the chest cavity

Answer 68

Answer 1: adheres to the outside of the heart
Answer 2: lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
Answer 3: lines the wall of the chest cavity

Question 69

In negative feedback, the _____ monitors the controlled condition.
Input about the controlled condition is sent to the ___________, which evaluates the information received and compares it to the controlled conditions set point.
If needed, a(n) ______ will cause a change to the controlled condition.
Homeostasis helps maintain controlled conditions at a(n) _____, which is the ideal range.

Drop Down Choices:
Control center
Effector
Receptor
Set point

Answer 69

Answer 1: Receptor
Answer 2: Control center
Answer 3: Effector
Answer 4: Set point

Question 70

Place the events in correct order
A- Input about the controlled condition is sent to the control center.
B- If needed, the control center sends output to an effector.
C-The effector can produce a response that helps maintain homeostasis.
D-A receptor monitors a controlled condition
E-The control center evaluates the value of the controlled condition compared to the set point.
a) A, E, D, B, C
b) D, A, E, B, C
c) A, D, E, C, B
d) D, E, B, A, C

Answer 70

Answer: b

Question 71

The nose is ____to the eyes.
The ears are _____to the eyes.
The scapula is _____to the sternum.
The antecubital is __________to the olecranal marking.

Drop Down Choices:
Anterior
Lateral
Medial
Posterior

Answer 71

Answer 1: Medial
Answer 2: Lateral
Answer 3: Posterior
Answer 4: Anterior

Question 72

During a cadaver lab, the professor requests the students to cut the head with a transverse plane a coronal plane. Describe the results.

a) the student will have two halves, right and left
b) the student will have two halves, superior and inferior
c) the student will have two halves, anterior and posterior
d) the student will have four parts; divided vertically into anterior and posterior, and superior and inferior
e) the student will have four parts; divided into right and left, and anterior and posterior

Answer 72

Answer: d

Question 73

During sexual intercourse, stimulation leads to an increase in arousal and sexual behavior. This in turn leads to increased stimulation, until climax is reached and orgasm takes place. This is an example of

a) positive feedback
b) negative feedback

Answer 73

Answer: a

Question 74

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin are enzymes secreted by cells in your stomach to digest proteins. The presence of partially digested protein in the stomach triggers the secretion of more HCl and pepsin. Thus, once digestion begins, it becomes a self-accelerating process. This is an example of

a) positive feedback
b) negative feedback

Answer 74

Answer: a

Question 75

When the body is in correct anatomical position, the upper appendages are _______to the heart. The 3rd digit is __________to the 2nd and 4th digit. The 5th digit is ________to the 1st digit.

Drop Down Choices:
Lateral 
Medial 
Intermediate 
Inferior
Superficial

Answer 75

Answer 1: Lateral
Answer 2: Intermediate
Answer 3: Medial

Question 76

If you eat a funnel cake, the following (simplified) events will occur:
Glucose from the carbohydrates is absorbed in the intestine and the level of glucose in blood rises. Blood glucose levels rise and stimulates beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin; while simultaneously inhibiting alpha cells release of glucagon. Insulin has a major effect of facilitating the movement of glucose into many cells, such as the liver; as a result, blood glucose levels fall. When blood glucose levels drop, the stimulus for insulin release disappears and insulin is no longer secreted.

What type of feedback is occurring? ______
What is the stimulus? ______
What are the receptors? ______
What is the output? ______

Answer 76

Answers: 
Negative
Increased glucose levels in blood
Beta cells
Insulin

ALSO

Positive
Decreased glucose levels in blood
Alpha cells
Glucagon