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ANATOMY > MIXTURE > Flashcards

MIXTURE Flashcards

1
Q

When dividing the abdominal cavity into 4 regions what is the name of the horizontal plane?
At what vertebral level does it cross?

A

Transumbillical plane

Umbillicus - L3/4

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2
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

A

R Hypochondrium, Epigastrium, L Hypochondrium
R Lumbar, Umbillicus, L Lumbar
R Inguinal, Hypogastrium, L Inguinal

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3
Q

What are the 2 horizontal planes separating the 9 regions?

Where do they pass through?

A

Subcostal - T10

Transtubecular - iliac tubercules

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4
Q

What are the vertical planes passing separating the 9 regions?

A

Midclavicular

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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the foregut?

A

Oesophagus –> 2nd part of duodenum

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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the midgut?

A

2nd part of duodenum –> 2/3rds transverse colon

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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the hindgut?

A

distal 1/3rd of transverse colon –> upper anal canal

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the abdominal wall from outwards to in?

A

Skin
Superficial fascia
Muscle
Parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

Where does external oblique originate from?

A

Ribs 5-12

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10
Q

Where does internal oblique originate from?

A

Inguinal ligament

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11
Q

Which flat muscle is deepest?

A

Transversus abdominis

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12
Q

What are the 2 vertical muscles?

A

Rectus abdominis

Pyramidalis

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13
Q

What splits rectus abdominis into 2?

A

Linea alba

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14
Q

What makes up the lateral borders of rectus abdominis?

A

Linea semilunaris

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15
Q

In which plane does the neurovascular bundle supplying rectus sheath lie?

A

Plane between internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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16
Q

Above the umbillicus level what lies anterior to rectus abdominis?

A

ApoN of EO

Anterior lamina of IO

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17
Q

Above the umbillicus level what lies posterior to rectus abdominis?

A

Posterior lamina of IO
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia

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18
Q

Below the umbillicus level what lies anterior to rectus abdominis?

A

ApoN of EO
Apo N of IO
Transversus abdominis

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19
Q

Below the umbillicus level what lies posterior to rectus abdominis?

A

Transveralis fascia

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20
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

Transition between above and below umbillicus

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21
Q

Which nerves supply muscle, skin and parietal peritoneum?

A

Thoracabdominal T7-11
Subcostal T12
Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric L1

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22
Q

What do T7-9 supply?

A

Upper region of abdominal wall

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23
Q

What does T10 supply?

A

Umbillical region

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24
Q

What does T11 supply?

A

Lower region of abdominal wall

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25
Q

What does T12 supply?

A

Region just inferior to umbillicus

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26
Q

What does L1 supply?

A

Skin

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27
Q

Where does the inguinal region extend between?

A

ASIS –> pubic symphysis

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28
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament extend between?

A

ASIS –> pubic tubercule

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29
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Round ligament of the uterus
Spermatic cord

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30
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior: apoN of EO
Posterior: Transversalis fascia laterally and conjoint tendon more medially
Superior: IO, TF, TA
Inferior: Inguinal ligament

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31
Q

What is a direct hernia?

A

Protrusion at level of superficial ring

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32
Q

What is an indrect hernia?

A

Protrusion at level of deep ring

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33
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring located?

A

Midpoint between ASIS and pubic tubercule

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34
Q

What layer forms the deep ring?

A

TF

35
Q

What layer forms the superficial ring?

A

EO

36
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Potential spcae between parietal/visceral peritoneum

37
Q 
Which of the following is not contained in the peritoneal cavity?
water
antibodies
electrolytes
proteins
leukocytes
A

Proteins

38
Q

What is the condition that occurs when excess fluid accumulates inside the peritoneal cavity?

A

Ascites

39
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the transverse mesocolon?

A

Supracolic

Infracolic

40
Q

How are the 2 divisions connected?

A

Paracolic gutters running either side of AC and DC

41
Q

Right paracolic gutter is continuous with what?

A

Hepatorenal space

42
Q

Left paracolic gutter is continuous with what?

A

Pelvic cavity

43
Q

What does the epiploic foramen conenct?

A

Greater and lesser sac

44
Q

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

A

Anterior: free border of lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament)
Posterior: IVC
Superior: caudate process of liver
Inferior: proximal part of duodenum

45
Q

What pelvic pouch do males have?

Where is this located?

A

Rectovesical pouch

Between rectum and bladder

46
Q

What pelvic pouch do females have?

Where is this located?

A

Rectouterine pouch

Between rectum and uterus

47
Q

What arteries pass anterior to the ureters in males and females?

A

Males: testicular arteries
Females: ovarian arteries

48
Q

Does the ureter pass anterior or posterior to common iliac arteries in the pelvis?

A

Anterior

49
Q

In a male which structure crosses the ureter medially?

A

Ductus deferens

50
Q

Which ligament does the ureter pass through?

A

Broad ligament

51
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis a remnant of?

A

Peritoneum

52
Q

The tough fibrous covering of testes is called what?

A

Tunica albuginea

53
Q

Where is spermatazoa formed within testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

54
Q

Which structures connect the seminferous tubules to the epididymis?

A

Efferent ductules

55
Q

What structures lie within the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular vessels

Ductus deferens

56
Q

Testicular veins in spermatic cord arranged in a plexus called?

A

Pammpiniform plexus

57
Q

What type of muscle is the ductus deferens made of?

A

Smooth muscle

58
Q

Which part of the penis is the urethra part of?

A

Corpus spongiosum

59
Q

What muscle covers corpus cavernosum?

A

Ischiocavernosus

60
Q

During erection which part of the penis becomes hard and which remains soft?

A

Corpus cavernosa become hard

Corpus spongiosum remain soft

61
Q

Which muscle provides expulsive force for ejaculation?

A

Bulbous spongiosus

62
Q

How many parts of the urethra are there?

A

4

63
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urethra?

A

1) Prostatic (through prostate)
2) Membranous (through perineal membrane)
3) Bulbar (through bulb of penis)
4) Penile (through body of penis)

64
Q

What is the peritoneum called that the ovaries hang from?

A

Mesovarium

65
Q

Ovary attaches to uterus through which ligament?

A

Ligament of ovary

66
Q

Where in the vestibule of the vagina does the urethra open up into?

A

Externa urtheral meatus

67
Q

Within each labia menora what type of muscle covers?

A

Bulbous spongiosus

68
Q

Perineal body is the meeting of what?

A

Posterior fibres of bulbo spongiosus and anterior fibres of external anal sphincter

69
Q

Which nerve passes lateral to psoas major?

A

Femoral nerve

70
Q

Does the femoral nerve pass anterior or posterior to inguinal ligament?

A

Posterior

71
Q

Which plexus provides sympathetic innervation to most of abdominal viscera?

A

Aortic plexus

72
Q

The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to which parts of the gut?

A

Foregut and midgut

73
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to where?

A

Hindgut

74
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves

75
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Lesser and least splanchnic nerves

76
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves

77
Q

Which sacral nerves innervate most of levator ani and coccygeus?

A

S3 and S4

78
Q

Which 3 regions does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A

Anal sphincter
Muscles of urogenital diaphragm
External genitals

79
Q

Where does the autonomic sympathetic innervation of the pelvis come from?

A

Tail end of sympathetic trunk

Hypogastric nerve

80
Q

Where does the autonomic parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis come from?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

81
Q

Where do pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from?

A

S2 S3 S4

82
Q

How many layers of peritoneum make up the greater omentum running between greater curvature of stomach and TC?

A

6

83
Q

How many layers of peritoneum make up the greater omentum inferior to TC?

A

4

ANATOMY (10 decks)

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