Mixed Questions (not background) Flashcards
What relation was Catherine Howard to the Duke of Norfolk?
His niece
Where did the Duke of Norfolk present Catherine Howard to Henry as a potential bride?
At the house of the Bishop of Winchester
Who is the Bishop of Winchester?
Stephen Gardiner
What was Cromwell’s response to the perceived threat (a crusade against England) of the 1538 Treaty of Nice?
To look for allies in Germany
Why was the threat of the 1538 Treaty of Nice enhanced?
- Henry was excommunicated in the same year
- French and Imperial ambassadors were withdrawn from London
Why did Henry VIII send the Duke of Norfolk to France and Thomas Wyatt to the Imperial court?
To exploit divisions based on plots conjured by both sides against each other (this was done to protect the Church in England from the threat of papal crusade)
Who was John Lambert accused of heresy by?
What colour did Henry wear to Lambert’s trial and why is this significant?
Duke of Norfolk
- white, the colour of theological purity
What were the three things that Henry proclaimed at Lambert’s trial?
- clerical celibacy
- the real presence
- forbade heretical literature
Which Bible caused controversy and why?
The Coverdale Bible as it depended on translations from Luther and Tyndale which meant it was controversial for the conservatives/ Catholics
In 1539, the Great Bible was placed in all parish churches containing Cranmer’s preface - what did it include (briefly)?
- still conservative views
- similar ideas about heaven and hell
After what year was Henry his own minister and why?
1540, it was the year Cromwell was executed
Due to Henry being his own minister from 1540, disputes between different groups became more exposed. Who were the two people that the Conservative faction’s scheme focused on?
Catherine Parr and Thomas Cranmer
Who composed the English Litany of 1545?
Thomas Cranmer
What was the profession of Wolsey’s father?
Butcher
What two positions was Henry Fitzroy elevated to?
- Duke of Richmond
- office of Lord High Admiral of England
As Wolsey began to understand that he had to fight against the influence of Anne Boleyn to keep himself in Henry’s favour, who did he pack the privy chamber with?
- Sir Richard Pace (his former chamberlain - an officer who managed the household of a monarch or noble)
After Wolsey began to pack the privy chamber with his supporters, who did Anne pack the chamber with in response?
- brother George Boleyn (among others)
The appointment of a new Abbess of Wilton in 1528 demonstrates the revival of ‘faction.’ What happened?
- Wolsey and Anne disagreed on the new appointment
- Wolsey went ahead and appointed his own choice
- Henry reprimanded Wolsey massively
- Wolsey managed to smooth the situation over but it was a sign that times were changing
What did Thomas More write and what did it say?
Utopia - it portrayed an idealistic and civilised society which he felt was superior to the ideal portrayed by the Roman Catholic Church
What did Erasmus write and what did it say?
In Praise of Folly - it poked fun at the pretensions and failings of the Church and its members
Summarise the traditional view of the Catholic Church on the eve of the Reformation
- corrupt and inefficient
- bishops acted more as civil servants than supervisors/ trainers of their clergy
- parish priests were immoral and ill educated
- monasteries were rich and lacked religious fervour
- Church was greedy asking for tithes and mortuary fees
- deeply unpopular institution
What evidence does the modern perspective use to comment that the Church was still popular on the eve of the Reformation?
- people continued to leave money to the Church for good purposes
- people continued to go to Church
Give an example of an able bishop who resided in his diocese and insisted on residence of clergy as well as a high standard of behaviour and training
Bishop Longland of Lincoln
What is the modern perspective on the parish clergy?
- quality was good
- fairly high degree of literacy
- fairly moral behaviour
- no sign absenteeism/ pluralism was a major issue
What is the modern perspective on the monasteries?
- abbots had become too much like the aristocracy
- monasteries had possibly lost their direction
- increasing feeling they were an out-of-date institution
- the ease with which Henry was able to close the monasteries shows they weren’t as well respected as in past
Though monasteries are criticised most heavily from the modern perspective, what are the redeeming qualities of them?
- performed valuable tasks in an age where there was no welfare state and no formal education system
Which act first implemented an oath?
- 1534 - First Act of Succession
Pre-1530, which was the main financial institution?
- the Exchequer
Who was Anthony St. Leger?
- one of 60 local gentlemen who supported those attempting to connect Cranmer to heretical views
Where did the original complaint that sparked the Prebendaries Plot originate and by whom?
- conservatives in Kent
Where did Anne Askew travel after the Act for the Advancement of True Religion was published?
- Lincoln
In 1540, what two positions was Cromwell given before his fall?
- Earl of Essex
- Lord Great Chamberlain
How much impact did Cranmer’s innovative homilies and English litany have?
- small scale
- limited impact
Who was excluded from the regency council and why?
- Bishop Gardiner
- he had a fervent belief that England should return Rome and return supremacy to the Pope
- Henry believed only he could control him
When was the Act of 10 Articles?
1536
When was the Act of 6 Articles?
1539
When was the Bishops’ book?
1537
When was the King’s book?
1543
Which fines did the London MPs of the Reformation Parliament criticise?
- excess fines charged for probate (the official proving of a will)
- mortuary fines
What did the London MPs of the Reformation Parliament criticise regarding land and trade?
- land owned by Church restricted capacity for poor peasants to graze animals
- the fact that the Church was involved in trade
Why did the London MPs criticise absenteeism and pluralism in the Six Great Causes of the Reformation Parliament?
- parishes were left without educated clergy
After the March 1529 dissolutions, how many exemptions did Henry make?
67
Which three individuals opposed the dissolutions and were charged with treason, executed and had their property passed to the king?
- Abbots of Colchester, Reading, Glastonbury
In 1539, what defensive action was taken by Henry against the threat of crusade?
- orders survey of defences
- coastal defences strengthened
- navy put on a war footing
- military parade of 16,000 soldiers in front of Henry
What was interesting about the preamble of the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
- it referred to England as ‘an Empire’
- suggests Cromwell was advocating the idea of a royal sovereign state free from foreign influences
Why was the title ‘Vice-Gerent in Matter Ecclesiastical’ so significant?
- Cromwell had more power than Wolsey, or anyone before or since, over the Church and its property, personnel and beliefs
How did faction contribute to Wolsey’s fall?
- they exploited Wolsey’s correspondence with Imperial and French agents to persuade the king that Wolsey was plotting treason
When did More resign as Chancellor?
- 1532
What was the name of the passage that Edward included in the Second Book of Common Prayer as his intervention that the laity should be allowed to kneel?
- the Black Rubric
What was the name of the documents drawn up containing the reports gathered in the 1535 Visitations?
- the Comperta Monastica
Why did Bishop Fisher have an act of attainder passed against him in 1534?
- he supported Elizabeth Barton and refused to swear the oath
How long was it until Cardinal Wolsey visited his York diocese?
- 14 years
How was the wealth of the dissolved monasteries intended to be used and how is this known?
- for the “maintenance of his most royal estate and for the defence of the realm”
- from a 1534 state paper
What was part of the reason that the government and monarchy wanted the services in English?
- they intended to remove the helpful and guiding images
What is it possible to see on the Norfolk rood screens?
- the scratched faces of saints where the congregation were prepared to remove the offending facial ‘image’ but had invested in costly decorations
What were the features and thoughts behind the desire for wooden tables instead of altars?
- possibly called a communal table
- moved from fixed to the back to be more inclusive
- Christian family would gather to eat/ drink
What was the name of the priest that provides a lengthy and detailed commentary on the events of the Reformation at Morebath?
- Christopher Trychay
Where did Charles V keep the Pope virtual prisoner?
- Castel San Angelo
What relation was Anne Boleyn to the Duke of Norfolk?
- niece
What did Simon Fish’s book ‘A Supplication for the Beggars’ say? Who gave it to Henry?
- criticised greedy and overfed clerics
- Anne Boleyn
Where was Henry Fitzroy born?
- St Lawrence at Blackmore
What significance does the description of ‘powerful but unoriginal mind’ have for Henry?
- let himself be influenced by his advisors from whom he was never apart, by night or day
- thus susceptible to whoever had his ear
Who was Edward’s French tutor? Why is this significant?
- Jean Belmain, a Calvinist
Who was executed in 1521 and what does this show?
- Duke of Buckingham after making statements about his claims to the throne, shows Henry’s anxiety
In which diocese were JPs sympathetic to Catholicism and thus charged for recusancy a lot less?
Hereford
In which areas were the nobles’ Catholic influence notable?
- in West Sussex it was the Earl of Arundel
- in the Durham diocese it was the relationship between the Percys and the tenants
People like the Duke of Norfolk, Westmoreland and Northumberland can al be considered ‘semi-Catholic’ ie. they attended Anglican services but were undoubtedly Catholic. Whihc historian describes them in this way?
- John Guy
What is Hall’s Chronicle?
- begins with the accession of Henry IV, follows the strife between the houses of Lancaster and York, and with Grafton’s continuation carries the story down to the death of Henry VIII in 1547. Hall presents the policy of this king in a very favourable light and shows his own sympathy with the Protestants.
How valuable is Hall’s Chronicle?
To the historian it furnishes what is evidently the testimony of an eye-witness on several matters of importance which are neglected by other narrators
Why is Somerset’s policy seen as moderate?
- few conservative bishops removed
- nobody was persecuted for heretical beliefs
How did Cranmer exploit his freedoms under Edward’s reign?
- he was able to edge towards his own theological position ie. ‘religious revolution’ and Zwinglian
What was a key challenge to Edward’s ability to implement his changes?
- lack of preachers
- Bishop Hooper found that Protestant bishops were no guarantee of effective clergy ie. visitation of own diocese 171/311 clergy could not receite the 10 Commandments
Who replaced Luther when he died?
- Melanchthon
Thomas Sampson was a dean who had been identified as not wearing the vestments that Liz had instructed - where was he dean of?
Christ Church
What did Nichols investigate and what was the outcome?
- investigated Protestant belief in England
- in one Kent parish, out of 400 communicants only 1% believed in sola fide
- THIS IS IN ELIZabeth’s reign
Which two Catholic bishops withdrew from Elizabeth’s Easter debate?
- Winchester
- Lincoln
What did Parker call the vestments and what did he mean by this?
- adiaphora
- it would not affect salvation so it should be worn even if disagreed with
- extreme Protestants disagreed and saw it as relic of popery
What were the 39 Articles?
Essential to defining doctrinal position: produced as part of the 1563 Convocation - not given legal force until 1571
Purpose:
- reach a general consensus on matters of faith
Beliefs:
- justification by faith emphasised
- denied transubstantiation
BUT written both in Latin and English and both given equal footing
Insight:
- provide a revealing window into her achievement of the ‘via media’ or ‘middle way’
What was the convocation of 1563?
1563: Liz calls another Parliament
- York and Canterbury convocation meets at same time (as was customary)
- most leaders expected further reform ie. to complete the reform that had been instigated in 1559
- Parker involved in the production of the “General Notes on the Matter to be moved by the Clergy in the next Parliament and Synod”
- the action that convocation played out was not done
- Queen was happy with the settlement and saw no reason for change
How many miscarriages did Catherine of Aragon have?
6
What is an indication that Henry’s desires for Anne were getting stronger?
- Henry Percy was warned off making a match with her by Wolsey
When did Wolsey lose all hopes of influencing the Pope?
- when France and the HRE made peace at Cambrai in 1529
Where did Wolsey die?
- Leicester Abbey
What were the Device Forts?
- the forts established by a Device in 1539 to protect England from threat of French and Spanish invasion
Give an example of a ‘Device Fort’
- Deal Castle in Kent
How much did the Device Forts cost?
£376,000
a lot was raised from the dissolutions of the monasteries
If Northumberland (the Lord President of the regency council) was a Catholic, why did he align himself with a Protestant king?
- religion was second to power
- judged that future lay with the radicals
- Protestantism lent itself to social control
What two key events occurred within the Pil of Grace?
Earl of Cumberland held captive at Skipton castle during week long siege
Lord Darcy ceded Pontefract castle to the rebels
How many were killed after the Pil of Grace?
144
What is the common number linking both the Lincolnshire and Pil of Grace risings?
10,000
- marched into Lincoln
- marched into York
Why was Thomas Miller killed after the Pil of Grace?
execution of Thomas Miller (he was important when securing negations with the pilgrims at Doncaster but pointed out to them that they had military superiority over the king which was a crime)
Where were 28 Cornishmen killed after the Western rebellion? (along with Robert Welsh and 4000 others)
- Launceston Castle
Where was the only real evidence of violence in Wyatt’s rebellion?
- attacks on Stephen Gardiner’s property (indicates that the rebels did have religious motives) THE BISHOP OF WINCHESTER’S CASTLE - part of his prevarication
Wyatt’s rebellion did not gain popular support - what confirms this?
- Croft never attempted to raise Hertfordshire
- Exeter was garrisoned against the attack
- people of Leicester turned against them
Give an example of Wyatt’s prevarication
- attacked Lord Cobham at Cooling Castle
Where di Mary travel in Wyatt’s rebellion? What did she do/say and what was the outcome?
- travelled to Guildhall
- exhorted her citizens - “with this ring I wedded my realm”
- 20,000 men volunteered
Who believes that Mary could not have succeeded without the loyalty of her nobility and retainers?
- Fletcher
Who was executed post Wyatt’s?
- Duke of Suffolk
- Wyatt
- Jane Grey and Guildford
- 140 supporters
