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Mixed open Q Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Elevation of orotic acid

A

little pyrimidine synthesis, high breakdown

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2
Q

AMP deaminase deficiency

A 
dATP ↑
DNA ↓
methylation ↓
cAMP ↑
and causes immune deficiency
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3
Q

Free ring in nucleotide synthesis

A

pyramidene has free ring (orotic acid) and PRPP is added

purine does not have free ring

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4
Q

Activation of star

A

ACTH

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5
Q

Hyperuricemia is caused by

A 
McArdles disease
Fructose intolerance
G6 phosphatase ↓ (von Gierke)
HGPRT ↓
Chemotherapy
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6
Q

Common in alpha keto glutamate dehydrogenase and branched amino acid dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Same E3 component in enzyme complex

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7
Q

Inactive glycogen phosphorylase

A

E.G: mc addle

F1p ↑↑
Pi↓

uses inorganic phosphate, but no glycogenolysis will happen

ATP level decreases and gluconeogenesis does not happen either

hypoglycemia will happen

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8
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

inactive glycogen phosphorylase

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9
Q

Rate limiting reaction of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMGCoA reductase

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10
Q

Substrate and product of rate limiting reaction of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMGCoA -> Mevalonate

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11
Q

Regulation of HMGCoA reductase

A

Allosteric regulation: cholesterol inhibits (negative feedback)

Degradation: lane sterol causes polyubiqination

Induction of enzyme:
INSIG makes no cholesterol be synthesised

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12
Q

LCAT reaction

A

phosphatidylcholine + cholesterol becomes lysolectinin + cholesterolesther

occurs in blood plasma (HDL)

usually ACAT

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13
Q

Synthesis of primary bile acid

A

conjugated and hydroxylated in the liver

hydroxyl on C3 and C7

NADH is formed

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14
Q

Synthesis of secondary bile acids

A

deconjugated and dehydroxylated at C7 in the intestine

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15
Q

Lesh-Nyan syndrome

A

deficient HGPRT (hydroxithian glutamate phosphoriboxyl transferase)

retardation
gout
self damage
aggression

little GMP and IMP

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16
Q

Trifunctional CAD1 enzyme

A

CPS2, aspartate carbonyl transferase and dihydroorotase

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17
Q

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

A

in mitochondria

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18
Q

UMP synthase bifunctional enzyme CAD2

A

contains orotate phosphoribzosyltransferase

OMP decarboxylase

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19
Q

Orotic acid acidemia

A

deficiency in UMP synthase

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20
Q

CPS2 reaction

A

CO2 + Gln +H20 ↔ carbamoyl phosphate + 2ADP +Pi + Glu

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21
Q

AlphaKB dehydrogenase reaction

A

alphaKB + NAD + CoA-SH ↔ propynyl coA + NADH + H

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22
Q

coenzymes for CYP7A1

A

vitamin C
NADPH
NAD
CoA

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23
Q

Aspirin

A

irreversible acetylation of COX1/2

decrease in TXA2 and PGI2

no platelet aggregation

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24
Q

Desaturation of fatty acids

A

no ATP is used

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25
Synthesis of 1 cholesterol molecule
18 acetylcoa 36 ATP 20 NADPH 21 enzymes
26
PCSK9
binds to LDL receptor to cause their lysosomal degradation
27
LXR + oxysterol
more bile acid synthesis (increase in CYP7A1) more cholesterol efflux (increase in ABCA1) less LDL receptor (more IDOL)
28
FXR + bile acids
more bile acid resorption more bile acid efflux more LDL receptor (less PCSK9)
29
Fatty acid oxidation coenzymes
FAD, NAD, CoA
30
B-oxidation enzymes by order
Acyl CoA DH ( FAD) Enoyl Hydratase Hydroxyacyl DH Thiolase (O-HOT)
31
Rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis
ACC (using CoA) | need ATP and bicarbonate and biotin
32
FA synthase complex
Domain 1: Acetyl ACP transferase + Malonyl ACP transferase becomes condensation enzyme Domain 2: Ketoacyl ACP reductase becomes betahydroxylacyl ACP dehydrates and then ENoyl app reductase
33
Ketone bodies
acetone, acetoacetate, betahydroxybyturate
34
Ketogenesis
Thiolase HMGCoA synthase HMGCoA lyase Acatoacetate decarboxylase or beta hydroxybutyrate DH
35
PP1 (protein phosphatase 1) regulation
active: insulin inhibit: glucagon
36
PP1 action
dephosphorylates and activates the glycogen synthase dephosphorylate and inhibit glycogen phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase
37
Enzymes that incorporates free ammonia to organic compounds
glutamine synthase carbamoyl phosphate I glutamate dehydrogenase
38
Serine-hydroxymethyltransferase reaction
serine + THF = Glycine + H2O + THF-methyl
39
De novo synthesis of AMP
ribose 5 p and IMP and long name
40
HEME synthesis
Glycine + Succinyl CoA becomes tetrapyrrole ring + FE2
41
Heme breakdown
1) Heme oxygenate enzyme: Heme + 3O2 + 7electorn = biliverdin + CO2+ FE3 2)Biliverdin reductase: Biliverdin + NADPH = bilirubin + NADP biliverdin is hydrophobic bilirubin is hydrophillic
42
Bilirubin disorder
unconjugated bilirubin hyperbilirubemia jaundice
43
Cause of Jaundice
rigler najjar and Gilbert syndrome
44
What does not contribute to gluconeogenesis
Palmitate
45
LPL deficiency
pancreatitis | hypertriglyceremia
46
OCTN2 deficiency
kidney leakage | primary systemic carnitine deficiency
47
hepatic lipase cleaves
IDL and HDL2
48
Carnitine functions
import of fatty acid into matrix export of CoA CoA balance in intramembranous space
49
Atherosclerosis treatment
Increase function of HMGCoA reductase, NCPL1 and CETP
50
Enzymes activated during fasting
PEPCK, GDH and Glutaminase
51
GLUT1
in RBC and most tissue, low Km constituitive
52
GLUT in CNS
1 and 3
53
White adipose tissue secretion
leptin and adiponectin | insulin sensitivity
54
Precursors for GNG in kidney
lactate and glutamate
55
HDL components
lecithin, sphingomyelin and APoA1 or LCAT and cholesterol esters
56
Striated muscle exhaustion in normal conditions
Depletion of creatine P, ATP, glycogen and glucose
57
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
Metylmalonyl CoA D becomes Methylamalonyl CoA L
58
PDH cofactors
NAD FAD CoA TPP
59
Glycogenin
determines glycogen content of the cell | has elongation activity
60
UTP Glu-1P uridylyl transferase
UTP + Glu1P = UDP-Glu + PPi preparation for glycogen synthesis
61
Structure recognition: malate succinate malonate
m- OH s - 4 C malo - 3C
62
Glucagon effects (or epinephrine)
increase in cAMP, activation of PKA PKA will phosphorylate PFK2 to inactivatee it and Fructose Bisphosphatase 2 will be activated. -> GLUCONEOGENESIS Phosphorylase kinase will be activated and glycogen synthase will be inactivated. -> Breakdown of glycogen
63
Hexokinases affinity stuff
Hexokinase – affinity ↑, Km ↓, Vmax ↓ Glucokinase - affinity ↓, Km ↑, Vmax ↑
64
CYP450 localization
cytosol and ER of liver
65
DOPA decarboxylase
5hydroxytryptophan -> serotonine -> DOPA -> dopamine
66
SR-A
alternative LDL receptor
67
Inhibitors of PRPP amidotransferase
AMP, IMP, GMP
68
inhibitors of PRPP synthase
ADP, GDP
69
Pyrimidine salvage enzymes
uridine kinase and cytidine kinase
70
Purine salvage
HGPRT and APRT
71
LPL cleaves
VLD and Chylomicrons
72
Phenylalanine derivatives
becomes Tyr and makes fumarate and acetate
73
aa -> pyruvate
Thr, Gly, Trp, Ala, Ser, Cys
74
aa -> oxaloacetate
asp and asn
75
aa -> fumarate
Phe, Tyr, Asp
76
aa -> succinyl CoA
through proprionyl CoA | Met, Thr, Val, Ile
77
aa -> alphaKG
Arg, Gla, Pro, Glu, His
78
aa -> acetyl CoA
Ile, Leu, Lys, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Thr
79
1 carbon unit of THF from
Ser, Trp, Gli, His
80
Nucleotides with amine group
guanine, adenine and cytosine
81
Purine components from
Asp, Gly, Gla, Bicarbonate and 1 carbon unit THF
82
Pyrimidine components from
Gla, Asp, Bicarbonate
83
Bile acids function
PH elevation for pancreatic lipase, micelles for cholesterol absorption and disposal
84
LDL accumulation in plasma
ApoB100↓ or LDL R ↓
85
main reaction of CYP450 monooxygenase phase 1
hydroxylation
86
main reaction phase 2
conjugation -> glutathione (Glu, Gly and Cys) after conj -> removal of glu, removal of gly, then acetylation
87
Main nucleophilic conjugation
sulfation, glucoronation
88
xenobiotic breakdown products
ROS
89
biotransformation substrates
eicosanoids, bile acids, steroids, Vitamin D, catecholamines and bilirubin
90
deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase
less ATP and glucose
91
NPCL1
intestinal cholesterol absorption
92
Ribonucleotide reductase substrates
ADP, CDP
93
Immunodeficiency
adenosine deaminase | purine nucleoside phosphorylase
94
Reaction by purine nucleoside phosphorylase
inosine to hypoxanthine
95
Cytidylate deaminase reaction
CMP+H2O=UMP+NH3

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