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BIOCHEMISTRY > Mixed open Q > Flashcards

Mixed open Q Flashcards

1
Q

Elevation of orotic acid

A

little pyrimidine synthesis, high breakdown

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2
Q

AMP deaminase deficiency

A 
dATP ↑
DNA ↓
methylation ↓
cAMP ↑
and causes immune deficiency
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3
Q

Free ring in nucleotide synthesis

A

pyramidene has free ring (orotic acid) and PRPP is added

purine does not have free ring

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4
Q

Activation of star

A

ACTH

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5
Q

Hyperuricemia is caused by

A 
McArdles disease
Fructose intolerance
G6 phosphatase ↓ (von Gierke)
HGPRT ↓
Chemotherapy
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6
Q

Common in alpha keto glutamate dehydrogenase and branched amino acid dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Same E3 component in enzyme complex

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7
Q

Inactive glycogen phosphorylase

A

E.G: mc addle

F1p ↑↑
Pi↓

uses inorganic phosphate, but no glycogenolysis will happen

ATP level decreases and gluconeogenesis does not happen either

hypoglycemia will happen

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8
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

inactive glycogen phosphorylase

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9
Q

Rate limiting reaction of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMGCoA reductase

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10
Q

Substrate and product of rate limiting reaction of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMGCoA -> Mevalonate

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11
Q

Regulation of HMGCoA reductase

A

Allosteric regulation: cholesterol inhibits (negative feedback)

Degradation: lane sterol causes polyubiqination

Induction of enzyme:
INSIG makes no cholesterol be synthesised

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12
Q

LCAT reaction

A

phosphatidylcholine + cholesterol becomes lysolectinin + cholesterolesther

occurs in blood plasma (HDL)

usually ACAT

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13
Q

Synthesis of primary bile acid

A

conjugated and hydroxylated in the liver

hydroxyl on C3 and C7

NADH is formed

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14
Q

Synthesis of secondary bile acids

A

deconjugated and dehydroxylated at C7 in the intestine

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15
Q

Lesh-Nyan syndrome

A

deficient HGPRT (hydroxithian glutamate phosphoriboxyl transferase)

retardation
gout
self damage
aggression

little GMP and IMP

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16
Q

Trifunctional CAD1 enzyme

A

CPS2, aspartate carbonyl transferase and dihydroorotase

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17
Q

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

A

in mitochondria

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18
Q

UMP synthase bifunctional enzyme CAD2

A

contains orotate phosphoribzosyltransferase

OMP decarboxylase

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19
Q

Orotic acid acidemia

A

deficiency in UMP synthase

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20
Q

CPS2 reaction

A

CO2 + Gln +H20 ↔ carbamoyl phosphate + 2ADP +Pi + Glu

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21
Q

AlphaKB dehydrogenase reaction

A

alphaKB + NAD + CoA-SH ↔ propynyl coA + NADH + H

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22
Q

coenzymes for CYP7A1

A

vitamin C
NADPH
NAD
CoA

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23
Q

Aspirin

A

irreversible acetylation of COX1/2

decrease in TXA2 and PGI2

no platelet aggregation

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24
Q

Desaturation of fatty acids

A

no ATP is used

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25
Q

Synthesis of 1 cholesterol molecule

A

18 acetylcoa
36 ATP
20 NADPH
21 enzymes

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26
Q

PCSK9

A

binds to LDL receptor to cause their lysosomal degradation

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27
Q

LXR + oxysterol

A

more bile acid synthesis (increase in CYP7A1)
more cholesterol efflux (increase in ABCA1)
less LDL receptor (more IDOL)

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28
Q

FXR + bile acids

A

more bile acid resorption
more bile acid efflux
more LDL receptor (less PCSK9)

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29
Q

Fatty acid oxidation coenzymes

A

FAD, NAD, CoA

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30
Q

B-oxidation enzymes by order

A

Acyl CoA DH ( FAD)
Enoyl Hydratase
Hydroxyacyl DH
Thiolase

(O-HOT)

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31
Q

Rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis

A

ACC (using CoA)

need ATP and bicarbonate and biotin

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32
Q

FA synthase complex

A

Domain 1:
Acetyl ACP transferase + Malonyl ACP transferase becomes condensation enzyme

Domain 2:
Ketoacyl ACP reductase becomes betahydroxylacyl ACP dehydrates and then ENoyl app reductase

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33
Q

Ketone bodies

A

acetone, acetoacetate, betahydroxybyturate

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34
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Thiolase
HMGCoA synthase
HMGCoA lyase
Acatoacetate decarboxylase or beta hydroxybutyrate DH

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35
Q

PP1 (protein phosphatase 1) regulation

A

active: insulin
inhibit: glucagon

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36
Q

PP1 action

A

dephosphorylates and activates the glycogen synthase

dephosphorylate and inhibit glycogen phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase

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37
Q

Enzymes that incorporates free ammonia to organic compounds

A

glutamine synthase
carbamoyl phosphate I
glutamate dehydrogenase

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38
Q

Serine-hydroxymethyltransferase reaction

A

serine + THF = Glycine + H2O + THF-methyl

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39
Q

De novo synthesis of AMP

A

ribose 5 p and IMP and long name

40
Q

HEME synthesis

A

Glycine + Succinyl CoA becomes tetrapyrrole ring + FE2

41
Q

Heme breakdown

A

1) Heme oxygenate enzyme:
Heme + 3O2 + 7electorn = biliverdin + CO2+ FE3
2)Biliverdin reductase:
Biliverdin + NADPH = bilirubin + NADP

biliverdin is hydrophobic
bilirubin is hydrophillic

42
Q

Bilirubin disorder

A

unconjugated bilirubin
hyperbilirubemia
jaundice

43
Q

Cause of Jaundice

A

rigler najjar and Gilbert syndrome

44
Q

What does not contribute to gluconeogenesis

A

Palmitate

45
Q

LPL deficiency

A

pancreatitis

hypertriglyceremia

46
Q

OCTN2 deficiency

A

kidney leakage

primary systemic carnitine deficiency

47
Q

hepatic lipase cleaves

A

IDL and HDL2

48
Q

Carnitine functions

A

import of fatty acid into matrix
export of CoA
CoA balance in intramembranous space

49
Q

Atherosclerosis treatment

A

Increase function of HMGCoA reductase, NCPL1 and CETP

50
Q

Enzymes activated during fasting

A

PEPCK, GDH and Glutaminase

51
Q

GLUT1

A

in RBC and most tissue, low Km constituitive

52
Q

GLUT in CNS

A

1 and 3

53
Q

White adipose tissue secretion

A

leptin and adiponectin

insulin sensitivity

54
Q

Precursors for GNG in kidney

A

lactate and glutamate

55
Q

HDL components

A

lecithin, sphingomyelin and APoA1

or

LCAT and cholesterol esters

56
Q

Striated muscle exhaustion in normal conditions

A

Depletion of creatine P, ATP, glycogen and glucose

57
Q

Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase

A

Metylmalonyl CoA D becomes Methylamalonyl CoA L

58
Q

PDH cofactors

A

NAD
FAD
CoA
TPP

59
Q

Glycogenin

A

determines glycogen content of the cell

has elongation activity

60
Q

UTP Glu-1P uridylyl transferase

A

UTP + Glu1P = UDP-Glu + PPi

preparation for glycogen synthesis

61
Q

Structure recognition:
malate
succinate
malonate

A

m- OH
s - 4 C
malo - 3C

62
Q

Glucagon effects (or epinephrine)

A

increase in cAMP, activation of PKA

PKA will phosphorylate PFK2 to inactivatee it and Fructose Bisphosphatase 2 will be activated.
-> GLUCONEOGENESIS

Phosphorylase kinase will be activated and glycogen synthase will be inactivated.
-> Breakdown of glycogen

63
Q

Hexokinases affinity stuff

A

Hexokinase
– affinity ↑, Km ↓, Vmax ↓
Glucokinase
- affinity ↓, Km ↑, Vmax ↑

64
Q

CYP450 localization

A

cytosol and ER of liver

65
Q

DOPA decarboxylase

A

5hydroxytryptophan -> serotonine -> DOPA -> dopamine

66
Q

SR-A

A

alternative LDL receptor

67
Q

Inhibitors of PRPP amidotransferase

A

AMP, IMP, GMP

68
Q

inhibitors of PRPP synthase

A

ADP, GDP

69
Q

Pyrimidine salvage enzymes

A

uridine kinase and cytidine kinase

70
Q

Purine salvage

A

HGPRT and APRT

71
Q

LPL cleaves

A

VLD and Chylomicrons

72
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

becomes Tyr and makes fumarate and acetate

73
Q

aa -> pyruvate

A

Thr, Gly, Trp, Ala, Ser, Cys

74
Q

aa -> oxaloacetate

A

asp and asn

75
Q

aa -> fumarate

A

Phe, Tyr, Asp

76
Q

aa -> succinyl CoA

A

through proprionyl CoA

Met, Thr, Val, Ile

77
Q

aa -> alphaKG

A

Arg, Gla, Pro, Glu, His

78
Q

aa -> acetyl CoA

A

Ile, Leu, Lys, Trp, Tyr, Phe, Thr

79
Q

1 carbon unit of THF from

A

Ser, Trp, Gli, His

80
Q

Nucleotides with amine group

A

guanine, adenine and cytosine

81
Q

Purine components from

A

Asp, Gly, Gla, Bicarbonate and 1 carbon unit THF

82
Q

Pyrimidine components from

A

Gla, Asp, Bicarbonate

83
Q

Bile acids function

A

PH elevation for pancreatic lipase, micelles for cholesterol absorption and disposal

84
Q

LDL accumulation in plasma

A

ApoB100↓ or LDL R ↓

85
Q

main reaction of CYP450 monooxygenase phase 1

A

hydroxylation

86
Q

main reaction phase 2

A

conjugation -> glutathione (Glu, Gly and Cys)

after conj -> removal of glu, removal of gly, then acetylation

87
Q

Main nucleophilic conjugation

A

sulfation, glucoronation

88
Q

xenobiotic breakdown products

A

ROS

89
Q

biotransformation substrates

A

eicosanoids, bile acids, steroids, Vitamin D, catecholamines and bilirubin

90
Q

deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase

A

less ATP and glucose

91
Q

NPCL1

A

intestinal cholesterol absorption

92
Q

Ribonucleotide reductase substrates

A

ADP, CDP

93
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

adenosine deaminase

purine nucleoside phosphorylase

94
Q

Reaction by purine nucleoside phosphorylase

A

inosine to hypoxanthine

95
Q

Cytidylate deaminase reaction

A

CMP+H2O=UMP+NH3

BIOCHEMISTRY (3 decks)

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