Mixed Lecture Deck Flashcards by Rose F

Above the midbrain:

1) Anterior =
2) Posterior =
3) Superior =
4) Inferior =

1) Rostral
2) Caudal
3) Dorsal
4) Ventral

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What are 3 common causes of an occlusive stroke?

1) Arteriosclerosis
2) Thrombus
3) Embolism

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What is an occlusive stroke?

When something is blocking blood flow in an artery and the brain doesn’t get oxygen

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What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A burst in an artery that causes bleeding which prevent the brain from getting oxygen.

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Aphasia is caused by?

Focal damage to the left cerebral cortex

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Thickening or hardening of the arterial wall is called what?

Arteriosclerosis

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Name the aphasia:

Very good repetition in the context of poor speech
lesions are in the border of the frontal lobe

transcortical motor

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Neuroimaging studies suggest involvement of the _______ lobes and _______ _______ in children with ADHD.

Frontal; Basal ganglia

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Myelination of neural pathways appear to proceed from association areas to primary motor and sensory.
True or False

False - from primary motor and sensory regions to association cortex.

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1) LMN originate where?

2) LMN terminate where?

1) In the spinal cord or brainstem

2) On the muscles they innervate

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1) Motor representations for phonemes are supported by links to inferior premotor and motor cortex form _______ ________.
2) Auditory representations are supported by links to auditory association cortex near ______ _______.

1) Broca’s area

2) Heschl’s gyrus (wernicke’s area)

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Involved in reading
Lesions cause alexia
plays a role in integrating sensory information
This region sits between regions processing tactile sensation (parietal lobe), auditory info (temporal lobe), and vision (occipital)
it is what part of the inferior parietal lobe
Which region is this?

Angular gyrus

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1) Visual representations are supported by links to?

2) This makes up part of the ventral stream _____ stream of visual processing

1) Visual association cortex

2) “what”

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Auditory representation of a phoneme is found in _____

Auditory association cortex (near Heschl’s Gyrus)

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The visual information taken from written words is sent from visual areas in the _________ to the _____

Occipital lobe; angular gyrus

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Heard words are processed along the ______ pathways to the _____ (Heschl’s Gyrus) where cortical processing of auditory input is processed.

Auditory; Superior temporal gyrus

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Output from Broca’s area is sent to the _____ regions which controls the movement of muscles involved in the production of speech

Primary Motor Cortex

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Where is the location of degeneration in logopenic aphasia?

left temporo-parietal junction

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Upper Motor Neurons:

1) Where do they originate?
2) Where do they terminate?

1) In the cortex
2) terminate/synapse on lower motor neurons in either the spinal cord (corticospinal tract) or in the brainstem (corticobulbar tract).

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UMN or LMN?
1) recurrent laryngeal nerve?
2) Primary motor cortex?
3 any nerve?

1) LMN
2) UMN
3) LMN

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UMN or LMN?

1) corticobulbar pathways
2) regions of the cortex?

1) UMN

2) UMN

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Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) feeds what area of the brain?

Anterior part of brain:

1) medial frontal lobe
2) ventral anterior frontal lobe
3) medial parietal lobe

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Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) feeds what part of the brain?

Posterior portion:

Occipital lobe
Temporal lobes
Thalamus
Cerebellum

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Damage to the PCA causes what type of problem?

reading

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Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) feed what parts of the brain?

middle parts of the brain: - lateral surface of the cortex - lateral frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortex - perisylvian language zone

MCA is the most common artery involved in?

stroke

Dilated blood vessel bursts at the weak point in the wall is an _______?

aneurysm

An abnormal connection between veins and arteries can lead to an aneurysm. What is this called?

Anteriovirus malformation (AVM)

Muscles of the limbs only get what type of innervation?

unilateral/contralateral

Hemorrhagic strokes result from what?

rupturing of a blood vessel

What are 2 causes of hemorrhagic strokes?

1) aneurysm | 2) arteriovenous malformation

Severe auditory comprehension in aphasia is caused by lesions in which region/lobe?

temporal parietal region

1) If aphasia lesions are in temporal or parietal regions, is the aphasia fluent or nonfluent? 2) What type/name of aphasia is this?

1) fluent | 2) Wernicke's

UMN neurons is wholly in the _____

CNS

Cranial nerves start in the brainstem and end in the ____

PNS

UMN start in the cortex and end in the ____

brainstem

UMN damage results in ____ damage? a. ipsilateral b. unilateral c. contralateral d. bilateral

c. contralateral

LMN results in ______ damage. a. ipsilateral b. unilateral c. contralateral d. bilateral

a. ipsilateral

These are main roles of what lobe? - cognition - executive function - motor planning - language

Frontal lobe

Sensation/sensory - processes incoming sensory tactile information, language, and attention are major roles of what lobe?

Parietal

Association cortex vs Primary cortex: If you heard a sound, which of these would hear the sound, and which would allow you to understand the meaning of the sound?

Primary cortex would hear the sound, association cortex would help us to understand the sound

Motor planning takes place in the ______ and ____ | these areas can be called the ________

premotor cortex; supplementary cortex | motor association cortex

motor planning takes place in the ______ and ____ | these areas can be called the ________

premotor cortex; supplementary cortex motor association cortex (yes, planning and programming take place in the same places)

motor execution takes place in the ____

primary motor cortex

Formulating intention takes place in the ______

prefrontal cortex (association cortex)

Match the following: 1. Heschl's Gyrus a. Writing 2. Wernicke's b. reading 3. Angular Gyrus c. auditory comprehension 4. Supramarginal Gyrus d. verbal expression 5. Broca's e. tonal discrimination

1. e) tonal discrimination 2. c) auditory comprehension 3. b) reading 4. a) writing 5. d) verbal expression

Classic, pure alexia is due to damage in the _____

corpus coliseum

Alexia is left _______ lobe damage

occipital

agraphia is right ________ lobe damage

occipital

although agraphia and alexia are due to damage in the occipital lobe, what other lobe is involved?

parietal

``` Name the aphasia: -fluent -poor repetition -frequent paraphasias - auditory comprehension is relatively good Lesions are located in: -arcuate fasiculous -supramarginal and inferior parietal lobe - posterior superior temporal lobe ```

Conduction aphasia

Alexia without agraphia is the inability to read, but can still write. This is caused by a ______ stroke, and involves damage to the left dominant ______ lobe and the _______.

PCA Occipital splenum

Alexia with agraphia is difficulty reading and writing. It is more likely than alexia w/o agraphia that there may be some aphasia. Lesions are in the dominant left _____ ______, usually involving the _____ _____.

Inferior parietal | angular gyrus

Nonfluent Progressive aphasia (NFPA) is similar to what other type of aphasia? Where is the lesion if degeneration?

Broca's Begins in left posterior fronto insular regions (inferior frontal gyrus, insula, premotor, and supplementary motor areas.)

Semantic dementia: 1) fluent or nonfluent? 2) characterized by what? 3) legions begin where?

Fluent Loss of semantic memory Anterior temporal lobes - predominantly the left

What are the 7 signs of right hemisphere damage?

1. Discourse Production 2. Discourse Comprehension 3. Expressive Aprosodia 4. Receptive Aprosodia 5. Determining or designating relevant info 6. Conveying or interpreting intent 7. Social communication (inappropriate communication)

What are the 5 basic functions associated with the right hemisphere?

1. integration of information in order to see the big pic 2. Viseospatial processing and visual perception 3. Comprehending and producing emotion in the face and voice 4. attending to the left side of space 5. attention in general - maintaining attention or being able to shift attention

A "soft sign" with is is a _____ problem. An example might be?

mild | coordination.

Which region? - lesions in the left side of this region are associated with agraphia (writing disorders) - part of the inferior parietal lobe - plays a role in integrating sensory information - this region sits between parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Supramarginal gyrus

WG Model: | Visual information from written words is sent from visual areas in the _____ lobe to the _____ ____

Occipital lobe | angular gyrus

WG Model: Word meanings are sent from Wernicke's area to _____ area via the ______. Words are then converted to muscular movements of speech. Output from Broca's area is sent to the nearby ______.

Broca's Arcuate fasiculus Primary motor cortex

WG Model: Hear words are processed along auditory pathways to the _____ in _____ gyrus. Information is then sent to _____ area where words are recognized and connection to their meaning begin.

primary auditory cortex; heschl's gyrus | Wernicke's

WG Model: 1. Where is tonal discrimination processed 2. where are words recognized and connection to their meanings begin. 3. words are converted to code for the muscular movements 4. recognition of the visual signal as written word with it's associated meaning

1. Heschl's gyrus 2. Wernicke's 3. Broca's 4. Angular gyrus

Corticubulbar tracts: 1. where does it originate? 2. where does it cross over? 3. where does it terminate?

1. In the cerebral cortex 2. at the nerve nuclei of the cranial nerve they are to innervate 3. different cranial nerve nuclei located at different levels of the brainstem

Corticospinal tract: 1. where does it originate? 2. where does it cross over? 3. where does it terminate?

1. in the cortex 2. at the pyramids in lower medulla in brainstem 3. at different levels of the spinal cord

Most cortical neurons are in place at birth, so brain growth is predominantly measure via the development in _____ _____ and ______.

synaptic connections; myelination

Children who sustain an injury to the language regions of the cerebral cortex often experience substantially _____ amounts of recovery than an adult with similar degree and type of damage. This is due to greater ______.

greater; cerebral plasticity.

The 3 basic function of the brain are? | explain the?

1. Regulation - energy/arousal state of the brainstem and cerebral cortex 2. Processing - analyzing, understanding, and memorizing info 3. Formulation - forming ideas/plans and executing them

ADHD: Issues with the _____ lobe. Not so much the rising of attention but _______ the attention. It prevents the ability to _____ things you don't want to focus on. It prevents the ability alternate/divide attention.

Frontal controlling filter

Which Aphasia: Fluent? No Can comprehend? No Repeats? No

Global aphasia

Which Aphasia? Fluent? No Comprehends? No Repeats? yes

Mixed Transcortical

Which aphasia? Fluent? no Comprehends? yes Repeats? no

Broca's

Which Aphasia? Fluent? No Comprehends? yes Repeats? yes

Transcortical motor

Which Aphasia? Fluent? yes Comprehends? no Repeats? no

Wernicke's

Which Aphasia? Fluent? yes Comprehends? no Repeats? yes

Transcortical sensory

Which Aphasia? Fluent? yes Comprehends? yes Repeats? no

Conduction

Which Aphasia? Fluent? yes Comprehends? yes Repeats? yes

Anomic