Mix & Flow of Matter Flashcards
Mix & Flow of Matter covers all the material which we have learned within the first unit of our grade 8 science.
1
Q
What do all hazardous materials have?
A
A label showing a hazard symbol.
2
Q
What are the two pieces of information on every hazard symbol?
A
A shape and a picture.
3
Q
What is the meaning of a hazard symbol with a yellow triangle?
A
Caution.
4
Q
What is the meaning of a hazard symbol with an orange diamond?
A
Warning.
5
Q
What is the meaning of a hazard symbol with a red octagon?
A
Danger.
6
Q
What does WHMIS stand for?
A
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.
7
Q
What are the types of hazard symbols? (10)
A
Flammable, Explosive, Oxidizing, Toxic, Compressed Gas, Health Hazard, Corrosive, Exclamation Mark, Environmental Hazard, Biohazardous Infectious Materials.
8
Q
What does the symbol for flammable look like? What does flammable mean?
A
Normal flame with a black line underneath.
Flammable: may easily set on fire.
9
Q
What is the shape and colour of all the modern hazard symbols? Except for ___, which is the shape of a ___ and the colour ___.
A
Red diamond.
Except for biohazardous infectious materials, which is the shape of a circle and the colour black.
10
Q
What does the symbol for explosive look like? What does explosive mean?
A
An exploding orb/sphere.
Explosive: May cause serious injury or death through an explosion.
11
Q
What does the symbol for oxidizing look like? What does oxidizing mean?
A
Flame with an O in the bottom and a black line underneath.
Oxidizing: May cause a fire to spread much more quickly.
12
Q
What does the symbol for toxic look like? What does toxic mean?
A
Skull and crossed bones.
Toxic: May cause death/illness when ingested, touched, or inhaled.
13
Q
What does the symbol for compressed gas look like? What does compressed gas mean?
A
The bottle.
Compressed gas: Gas stored in a container; may explode when exposed to heat.
14
Q
What does the symbol for health hazard look like? What does health hazard mean?
A
A human who’s being ripped apart from the inside.
Health hazard: Anything that could harm the human body.
15
Q
What does the symbol for corrosive look like? What does corrosive mean?
A
Two tubes being poured out, the liquid melting a hand and a piece of metal.
Corrosive: Can melt metal or skin.
16
Q
What does the symbol for exclamation mark look like? What does it mean?
A
An exclamation mark.
Exclamation mark: May cause illness; warning.
17
Q
What does the symbol for environmental hazard look like? What does it mean?
A
The one with the tree on it.
Environmental hazard: could cause major damage if released into the environment.
18
Q
What does the symbol for biohazardous infectious materials look like? What does it mean?
A
You can’t miss it.
Biohazardous infectious materials: could cause infection in humans or animals.
19
Q
What are the two properties of a fluid?
A
- It has no fixed shape.
2. It can flow.
20
Q
What are the two states of matter that would be considered fluid?
A
- Liquids.
2. Gases.
21
Q
What is a slurry?
A
A mixture of water and solids.
22
Q
What is slurry technology? Provide an example.
A
The transport of solids in water.
Oil sands.
23
Q
Why are fluids easy to move?
A
They take the shape of their container.
24
Q
What is an example of where the ability of fluids to spread or flow and to carry other materials has been proven useful?
A
Toothpaste has a binder (made from wood pulp), which keeps the paste mixed.
25
A pure substance is made up of...
one material - that is one element or one compound.
26
A mixture is made up of...
a combination of different substances.
27
Explain how matter breaks up between pure substances and mixtures.
Matter = pure substance or mixture.
Mixture = mechanical, solution, or suspensions/colloids.
28
Define mechanical mixture.
You can see the different substances that make up the mixture.
29
What is another word for a mechanical mixture? What is an example of a mechanical mixture?
Heterogeneous.
| Frozen vegetables.
30
Define solution.
Looks as if it's all the same.
31
What is another word for a solution? What is an example of a solution?
Homogeneous.
| Iced tea.
32
Define suspension.
Cloudy mixture that has tiny pieces of solute suspended or held in the solvent. If left still for some time, the solute will settle to the bottom.
33
What is an example of a suspension?
Tomato juice.
34
Define colloid.
A cloudy mixture in which the tiny droplets are so small they do not separate or settle.
35
What is an example of a colloid?
Milk.
36
Define solute.
The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. Usually a solid.
37
Define solvent.
The substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution. Usually a fluid.
38
Define solubility.
The ability to dissolve; the mass of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature.
39
Define concentration.
The amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent in a solution; written g/mL or kg/L.
40
What is the difference between concentration and solubility?
Concentration is the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. Solubility is the amount of solute which CAN be dissolved in a solvent before the solvent reaches its saturation point.
41
What is the formula for concentration?
C = solute
______
solvent
42
Define saturation point.
A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent.
43
What does the particle model of matter explain? (4)
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. The tiny particles are always moving.
3. The particles in matter are attracted to each other.
4. The particles have spaces between them.
44
Explain the following scenario: when two liquids of 20mL are mixed together, why does the mixture only have a volume of 39mL and not 40mL?
Particles of liquids are of different sizes. The smaller particles can fit into the spaces between the larger particles -> total volume of the mixture decreases.
45
What are the three factors that can affect the rate of dissolving?
Temperature, size of the particles, and stirring.
46
How does temperature affect the rate of dissolving?
Since heat causes particles to move faster, the solvent particles will move faster and hit harder. It also creates greater spaces between the particles in the solvent, and particles move further and hit harder.
47
How does the size of the particles affect the rate of dissolving?
When the particles are smaller, they are easier to dissolve since they are easier to break apart. Smaller particles also have a greater surface area, allowing more solvent particles to hit more solute particles.
48
How does stirring affect the rate of dissolving?
Stirring helps to move the solute particles around, helps to get the solvent particles to hit harder, and helps to break the solute particles into smaller pieces and therefore creates a greater surface area.
49
Define viscosity.
Viscosity is how quickly a fluid flows.
50
Thicker fluid: slower or faster? More or less viscous?
Slower. More viscous.
51
Thinner fluid: slower or faster? More or less viscous?
Faster. Less viscous.
52
Slower fluid: thicker or thinner? More or less viscous?
Thicker. More viscous.
53
Quicker fluid: thicker or thinner? More or less viscous?
Thinner. Less viscous.
54
More viscous fluid: slower or faster? Thicker or thinner?
Slower. Thicker.
55
Less viscous fluid: slower or faster? Thicker or thinner?
Faster. Thinner.
56
How is viscosity determined?
Viscosity is determined by a fluid's internal resistance to flowing. The particles in the fluid rub against each other and cause friction. When the particles are closer together and rub against each other significantly, the viscosity is higher.
57
How does temperature affect viscosity?
Temperature affects the viscosity of a fluid by causing the particles of the fluid to move faster and spread out more when heated. This causes less friction between the particles and therefore causes the fluid to become less viscous.
If we increase the temperature, the viscosity will decrease. If we decrease the temperature, the viscosity will increase.
58
Less friction: more or less viscous?
Less viscous.
59
More friction: more or less viscous?
More viscous.
60
Define density.
The amount of matter in a given volume.
61
How is density determined?
Density is dictated by the space between particles of a substance.
62
Less dense: more or less space between the particles?
More space.
63
More dense: more or less space between the particles?
Less space.
64
More space between the particles: more or less dense?
Less dense.
65
Less space between the particles: more or less dense?
Denser.
66
Will substances that are less dense float on substances that are denser?
Yes.
67
What is the formula for density?
D = m
__
V
Fluids:
D = density (g/mL or kg/L)
m = mass (g or kg)
V = volume (mL or L)
Solids:
D = density (g/cm3)
m = mass (g)
V = volume (cm3)
68
What is another name for density?
The mass to volume ratio.
69
Density does not change unless...
the temperature changes.
70
How come you can float better in salty water?
When salt is added to water, there are more particles, which increases the density of the water allowing denser objects to float in the saltwater.
71
What is Archimedes' Principle?
It states that any object immersed in a fluid is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
72
What does it mean for a fluid to be displaced?
When an object is dropped into water some of the water is displaced. This means that the water rises upwards as the object or person pushes the water out of the way.
73
What happens at the same time something is being displaced?
Buoyancy is pushing up the object which changes its weight. If the weight of the object in the water is heavier than the amount of water displaced the object will sink. If the weight of the object and the amount of water displaced are the same or the weight is less, the object will float.
74
What is force always measured in?
Newtons (N).
75
Define buoyancy.
The tendency of an object to float when placed in a fluid.
76
How does buoyancy work?
When an object is in a liquid, the gravitational force, pulls it down. The liquid produces an opposite force, buoyant force, that pushes the object upwards.
77
What is the Plimsoll Line?
It shows how heavily a ship can be loaded in different water conditions.
78
Define compressibility.
When a force pushes on an object, the object is said to be compressed or under pressure. Objects under compression tend to deform in shape.
79
How does compressibility work?
Particles have spaces between them. These particles can be pushed together so that there is less space between the particles.
80
What does it mean for a substance to be under pressure?
Some force is pushing the particles closer.
81
What happens when fluid is under pressure/compressed?
Either, it pushes back or pushes on a weak area to release the pressure.
82
Which is more easily compressed, a liquid or a gas? Why?
A gas, because the particles are further apart and not already close together.
83
What are materials in a liquid state said to be with relations to compressibility?
Incompressible; that is, they cannot be compressed easily.
84
What is an example of a situation where the property of liquids is useful?
Hydraulics.
85
What is Pascal's Law?
Pascal's Law states that an enclosed fluid transmits pressure equally in all directions.
86
What do hydraulic systems use?
Liquid as their enclosed fluid.
87
What do pneumatic systems use?
Air as their enclosed fluid.
88
What is pressure measured in?
Pascals (Pa) or Kilopascals (KPa).
89
What is the formula for pressure?
P = F
___
A
```
P = pressure (Pa)
F = force (N)
A = area (m2)
```
90
Define detergent.
A substance that can remove dirt from fabric.
91
What is the cleaning agent in detergents called?
A surfactant.
92
Define surfactant.
Particles that attach themselves to dirt and oil particles, separating them from fabric or other material.
93
What are phosphates and why are they no longer used in detergents?
Phosphates made detergents work better in hard water. However, the phosphates damaged the environment by polluting the water.
94
List three ingredients of detergents and what they do.
1. Builder: softens water to help surfactant clean.
2. Filler: stops detergent from clumping.
3. Corrosion inhibitor: prevents the washer from rusting.
95
What does SCUBA stand for?
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.
96
What two things does SCUBA include and why?
Air tanks and regulators to maintain the flow of air.
97
What happens with our blood at greater water pressure?
Nitrogen gas dissolves in our blood and tissues at a much higher concentration than normal.
98
What happens when a diver ascends slowly to the surface?
The extra nitrogen gas leaves the body gradually as the water pressure decreases.
99
What happens when a diver ascends too quickly?
The pressure decreases rapidly. The sudden change in pressure causes nitrogen gas to bubble out of the blood and tissues. These bubbles can collect in other body parts and cause considerable pain. Death can occur if the condition is left untreated. This is called decompression sickness, or "the bends".
100
What is one way to treat "the bends"?
To place the affected diver in a special chamber. This chamber increases the pressure surrounding the diver's body. The greater pressure forces the gas bubbles to re-dissolve back into the blood and tissues. By very slowly decreasing the pressure back to normal, the gas slowly leaves the body.
101
Define pump.
A device that moves a fluid through or into something.
102
What is the most common pump?
The bicycle pump.
103
How does a bicycle pump work?
It has a piston that moves up and down in a cylinder. When you pull up the piston, air fills the cylinder. By pushing down on the piston, you apply a force to the air in the cylinder. This compresses the air. The pressure of the air in the pump therefore increases. If the opening at the bottom of the cylinder is connected to an area of lower pressure, the air will move to that area.
104
What is a pig and what two things does it do?
A computerized unit, which is placed in the pipeline and pushed through it by the moving gas. It...
1. Cleans the pipe with brushes as it moves through.
2. Its sensors check the pipe and record its condition so any necessary repairs can be made.
105
Define valve.
They are devices to control or regulate the amount of flow.
106
How does the valve in a toilet tank work?
The float in the toilet tank is connected to a valve that closes off the flow of water when the water reaches the right level.
107
What do you need to dive very deep?
An underwater ship called a bathyscaph.
108
Who invented bathyscaph's?
The Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard.
109
What was the first bathyscaph called?
Trieste.
110
What does ROPOS stand for and what is it?
Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science. It is a Canadian submersible.
111
What are three stages in the water a submarine moves through?
1. Floating on the surface.
2. Diving.
3. Re-surfacing.
112
What are a submarine's air tanks called and where are they located? What is another thing a submarine carries and what does it help with?
They are called ballast tanks. They are located between the inner and outer hulls. A submarine also carried compressed air in tanks to help it re-surface.
