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Dna And The Genome > Mix > Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base

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2
Q

Prokaryotes have ………. chromosomes and smaller ………

A

Single circular chromosomes

Circular plasmids

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3
Q

Eukaryotes have ………. in the nucleus which are …….

A

Linear chromosomes

Tightly coiled

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4
Q

How does dna replication occur?

A

DNA polymerase and primers

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5
Q

What does PCR do?

A

Amplify dna using complementary primers for specific target sequences

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6
Q

What are the three types of rna

A

mRNA tRNA and rrna

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7
Q

mRNA carries a copy of the nucleus from the nucleus to

A

The ribosome

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8
Q

Why does tRNA fold?

A

Due to complementary base pairing

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9
Q

RRNA and proteins form

A

The ribosome

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10
Q

RNA splicing forms what kind of mRNA transcript?

A

Mature

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11
Q

Introns of the ……are non coding and are joined together to form….

A

Primary transcript

Mature transcript

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12
Q

Translation begins and ends at where?

A

Starts at a start codon

Ends at stop codon

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13
Q

What bond holds amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

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14
Q

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form what?

A

Polypeptide

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15
Q

Describe the shape of DNA molecule

A

Double Helix

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16
Q

Features of DNA

A 
double helix shape
Sugar phosphate backbones
Antiparallel strands
Hydrogen bonds link strands
Complementary base pairing rules applied to nucleotides
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17
Q 
Prokaryotes: 
Organisms 
Linear chromosomes 
Circular chromosomes 
Plasmids
A

Bacteria
Not present
In cytoplasm
Yes

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18
Q 
Eukaryotes:
Organism
Linear chromosomes
Circular chromosomes
Plasmids
A

Animals
Within nucleus
Within mitochondria
No

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19
Q

Requirements for DNA replication

A 
DNA templates
Free dna nucleotides
Primers 
DNA polymerase 
Source of energy (ATP)
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20
Q

Stages for replication in DNA

A

Double helix is unwound by DNA POLYMERASE (enzyme). The hydrogen bonds that connect the two strands are unzipped

Primers join

The process requires energy which is supplied by ATP which is produced by the cells respiration.

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21
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

It ensures that identical copies of genetic information of a species is passed on from cell to cell and from generation to generation

22
Q

Requirements for PCR

A 
DNA has to be amplified (copied)
Primers
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase
Supply of nucleotides 
Ph buffer
23
Q

Steps in PCR

A

heat mixture to 92-98 to get single strand of dna

Lower temp to 50-56 to allow primers to bind to DNA

Reheat to 72 for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to synthesise the new strand of DNA

Reheat to 90 so Dna becomes single stranded for the second time. Lower the temp and allow the primers to anneal and extend the primers

24
Q

What is DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that adds free complementary dna nucleotides during replication

25
Q

What is ligase?

A

Enzyme that joins dna fragments to make the lagging strand

26
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions

27
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers in regulation

28
Q

Antibodies

A

Defensive substances that give immunity against specific diseases

29
Q

The differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA nucleotides have deoxyribose sugar but RNA has ribose

DNA bases are adenine thymine guanine and cytosine. RNA has uracil instead of thymine

RNA is single stranded

30
Q

What is mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

A

mRNA carries complementary copy of the genetic code from the dna in the nucleus to the ribosomes of the cytoplasm

tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome to form polypeptide chains

Rrna is combined with proteins to make up the structure of ribosomes

31
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three bases of tRNA that specifies an amino acid

32
Q

Exon

A

Sequences of dna that codes for a protein

33
Q

Intron

A

Non coding sequence of DNA

34
Q

Transcription

A

Copying of a DNA sequence to make a primary transcrip

35
Q

Translation

A

Production of a polypeptide using sequences of mRNA

36
Q

What are meristems

A

Region in a plant in which mitosis occurs

37
Q

Stem cell

A

Cell that can divide and then differentiate in animals

38
Q

What can be produced from stem cells?

A 
Liver
Blood
Muscle 
Nerves 
More stem cells
39
Q

Ethical issues of stem cells

A

Illegal trade
Stem cells being used eugenically
Is the presentation of suffering more important that the duty to preserve human life

40
Q

Single gene mutations

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

41
Q

Chromosome mutations

A

Duplication
Deletion
Translocation
Inversion

42
Q

Effects of chromosome mutation

A

Duplication: highly detrimental
Deletion: cri du chat syndrome evolves after the loss of part of chromosome 5
Translocation: can cause Down syndrome
Inversion: unable to produce gametes leading to infertility

43
Q

Polyploidy

A

Possession of extra chromosomes

44
Q

Splice site mutations

A

Mutation at a point where coding and non coding regions meet in a section of DNA

45
Q

What is speciation

A

The evolution of two or more species from a common ancestor

46
Q

Types of speciation

A

Allopatric- isolated by GEOLOGICAL barriers (mountains or oceans)

Sympatric- isolated by ecological barriers

47
Q

Horizontal inheritance

A

Inheritance of genetic material within a generation

48
Q

Vertical inheritance

A

Inheritance of genetic material from parents by offspring

49
Q

Three domains of life

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes

50
Q

Molecular clock

A

A graph showing differences in sequence data for protein against time

51
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of evolutionary relatedness of species

52
Q

Sequence data

A

Info concerning amino acid or nucleotide base sequencing

Dna And The Genome (1 decks)

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