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genetics > mitosis miosis > Flashcards

mitosis miosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central dogma

A

DNA nucleotide sequence to mRNA nucleotide sequence  to amino acid sequence in polypeptide  to phenotype

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2
Q

central dogma is

A

the flow of information

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3
Q

• Hydrogen bonding in DNA is

A

weak bonding

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4
Q

Protein is a structural or functional unit that is made up by

A

multiple polypeptide (insulin is made up with one polypeptide)

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5
Q

Most proteins are made up of multiple

A

polypeptides (they can be identical or different)

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6
Q

o Polypeptides are made up by a sequence of

A

amino acids

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7
Q

• Hemoglobin =

A

approx. 150 globins

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8
Q

o Two genes responsible for hemoglobin

A

structure(alpha and beta)

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9
Q

o Concentration of oxygen and pH can affect

A

hemoglobin

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10
Q

o Mutant beta globin has a change in one

A

nucleotide

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11
Q

 Abnormal cell shape

A

cell death and loss

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12
Q

o Ss genotype

A

sickle-cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin

 Sickling RBC’s only show under very low oxygen conditions

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13
Q

ss genotype

A

sickle cell hemoglobin only frequent sickling of RBC’s

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14
Q

o Pleiotropy –

A

changed in multiple genes – as a consequence of variations in one gene. One gene influencing many
 Cystic fibrosis is also a pleiotropy

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15
Q

o Genetic heterogeneity (not heterozygosity)

A

 When you have something like cystic fibrosis, and looking at a population, the genetic origins may vary. The particular mutated gene, or how it is mutated, is different from one person to the next
 It could be a dominant allele in one family, or a recessive gene in another
 Genetic heterogeneity is the opposite of pleiotropy

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16
Q

• Production of melanin

A

is complex

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17
Q

• Cell cycle consists of two

A

distinct phases(interphase and m-phase-mitosis or miosis)

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18
Q

mitosis

A

growth and maintenance

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19
Q

meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

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20
Q

cell cycle also includes

A

cytokinesis (usually happen at the same time)

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21
Q

G1

A

active gene expression and cell activity  preparation for DNA synthesis

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22
Q

G0

A

(not actively dividing – haven’t approached S-phase yet ((neurons)) either terminal differentiation and arrest of cell division  cell remains specialized but does not divide OR eventual cell death (apoptosis)

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23
Q

S phase

A

= DNA replication and chromosome duplication

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24
Q

G2

A

preparation for cell division

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25
Q

M-phase

A

cell division and mitosis (somatic cells) and Meiosis (germ-line cells)

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26
Q

check points

A

to see if each phase has completed to move onto the next

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27
Q

o Concentrations of each cyclin

A

rise and fall at unique points in the cell cycle (near check points)

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28
Q

o Other proteins mediate

A

cyclin synthesis and degradation

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29
Q

〖Kinase〗_CD

A

cyclin dependent kinase (remain relatively constant) and onlyactivated by binding cyclin

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30
Q

 Kinase uses ATP to

A

phosphorylate other proteins

31
Q

enzymatic activity of each kinase_CD

A

rises and falls during cell cycle

32
Q

When the activity of each cyclin- kinase_CD peaks, it

A

activates other proteins that promote specific cellular activities

33
Q

Cyclin- kinase_CD

A

operates the same in humans as it does mechanically in something like yeast

34
Q

• We study chromosomes during

A

M-phase

35
Q

• Sister chromatids aren’t always

A

identical (subtle difference)

36
Q

Haploid (N)

A

one copy of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes

37
Q

Dipliod (2N)

A

two copies of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes

38
Q

• Mitotic cells maintain

A

the diploid number

39
Q

• Meiotic maintains

A

haploid number

40
Q

46 chromosomes

A

humans

41
Q

48 chromosomes

A

chimps

42
Q

how many types of histones are there

A

5 (H1, H2a, H2b, H3, H4)

43
Q

o DNA wraps around the four about 1 ½

A

super coiling

44
Q

histones regulate

A

gene expression

45
Q

o Multiple stages of super coiling help make up a

A

nucleosome

46
Q

chromatin

A

substance which has approx. equal amounts of DNA and histone proteins

47
Q

level of super coiling:Euchromatin

A

= maximum condensation state.

 Less packed and found in interphase

48
Q

level of super coiling: Heterochromatin

A

= most compact condensation state

 Found in m-phase (maximum condensation)

49
Q

level of super coiling: Constitutive

A

= fully condensed – permanently non-expressed.

 Girls have two X’s which means one is permanently non expressed while one will condense and uncondense regularly

50
Q

• Mitosis introduces

A

no genetic variation

51
Q

mitosis occurs in

A

cells that maintain the diploid state – somatic cells

52
Q

germ cells go through

A

meiosis going drop diploid to haploid

53
Q

• If you’re a plant

A

– you go through mitosis (making spores?)

54
Q

• Kintetochore

A

– helps pull sister chromatids apart. Spindle fibers will attach during cell division

55
Q

centriole

A

made up of microtubules (circular)

56
Q

s-period of DNA

A

chromatin is duplicated (euchromatic stage)

57
Q

mitosis begins shortly after

A

chromatin condenses and chromosomes appear during prophase

58
Q

o There is no nucleus during

A

prophase

59
Q

o Chromosomes will line up in a single plane in the center of the cell

A

metaphase

60
Q

o Each chromosome splits (sister chromatids separate during

A

anaphase

61
Q

mitosis ends in

A

telophase and the cell divides (cytokinesis)

62
Q

• Separation of chromosomes 

A

disjunction

63
Q

meiosis division 1

A

reduction division. Going from diploid to haploid

o Makes some genetic difference between cells

64
Q

meiosis division 2

A

o Cuts chromatids down

o Further adds to genetic diversity

65
Q

Three Mechanisms by Which Meiosis Generates Genetic Diversity

A

• Disjunction of chromosomes (splitting of pairs)
• Independent alignment of different pairs of homologous chromosomes
• There can be recombination through crossing over
o Enzymes facilitate the chromosomes crossing over
o The process can occur anywhere and it may not happen more than once

66
Q

• Chiasmata

A

= points of crossing over

67
Q

• Prophase One is one of the most

A

important phases

o Leptotene to zygotene  to pachytene  to diplotene

68
Q

Leptotene

A

= chromatid begins to condense and nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate

69
Q

zygotene

A

homologs synapse and bivalents seen  chromatin continues to condense

70
Q

pachytene

A

= crossing-over tetrads become visible and chromatin continues to condense

71
Q

diplotene

A

= synapsis loosens and tetrads and chiasmata are visible – chromatin continues to condense

72
Q

Dikinesis =

A

o chiasmata terminalize  maximum condensation of chromatin

73
Q

plant life cycle

A
  • 2n to 2n sporophyte
  • Then miosis to 1n spores
  • Mitosis then gametophyte (1n) and mitosis again to form 1n gametes  fertilization
74
Q

mendels scientific method

A 
•	Trait-by-trait analysis
o	Reductionist approach
•	Used large samples; quantitative analysis of crosses (interpretation of proportions) 
•	Multigenerational crosses
•	Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

genetics (2 decks)

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