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MBG*2040 > MITOSIS & MEIOSIS > Flashcards

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS Flashcards

1
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blend of red and white (making pink)
- BB, Bb, bb all differ phenotypically

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2
Q

codominance

A

cow
-BB, Bb, bb all differ phenotypically, but Bb shows phenotypes from both

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3
Q

wildtype allele

A

functional enzyme or other protein is produced
- dominant over loss of function
most common gene in the population

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4
Q

loss of function allele

A

an enzyme or other protein is no longer being produced, is being produced at lower levels, or is non-functional
- 2 alleles, loss of one allele.. recessive because remaining copy can still produce normal function
dominant, you need both alleles

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5
Q

haplosufficiency

A

half as much protein is synthesized yet this often sufficient to achieve the wild type phenotype
- half of an allele is enough

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6
Q

gain of function

A

mutant allele produces a protein that has increased function

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7
Q

Lethal allele (Y) (recessive)

A

causes death only in homozygotes
- dominant allele for colour
- YY dies

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8
Q

lethal allele example

A

mm = normal tail
Mm = no tail
MM = lethal

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9
Q

dominant lethal genes

A
  • expressed in both heterozygote and homozygote.
  • Bb = lethal
  • BB = lethal
  • bb = not lethal
    (huntington disease)
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10
Q

recessive lethal genes

A
  • only expressed in homozygote
  • tsts = lethal , TSts = not lethal , TSTS = not lethal
  • yy = not lethal , Yy = not lethal , YY = lethal
    (homozygous Tay Sachs, usually die at the age of 3)
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11
Q

what does a wild type allele produce

A

functional polypeptide

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12
Q

what does a recessive amorphsc loss-of-function allele produce

A

NOT a functional polypeptide
- severe loss of shape

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13
Q

what does a recessive hypomorphic loss-of-function allele produce

A

partially functional polypeptide
- mild loss of shape

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14
Q

what does a dominant negative allele produce

A

polypeptide that interferes with the wild type polypeptide

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15
Q

Penetrance

A

proportion of individual organisms having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype
- everyone has gene, but some have phenotype
- some individuals have another gene that mask the brown hair colour

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16
Q

Expresstivity

A

degree to which a phenotype is expressed
- all brown hair, but all different shades

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17
Q

split hand-foot syndrome

A
  • rare autosomal dominant disorder that shows variable expressivity
  • involves the definciency or absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot
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18
Q

piebaldism

A
  • rare autosomal dominant disorder that shows variable expressivity
  • absence of cells called melanocytes in certain areas of the skin and hair
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19
Q

huntington disease

A
  • rare autosomal dominant disorder that shows variable expressivity in the time onset of the disease
  • neuro-degenerative disease. it causes loss of muscle coordination, cognitive decline and dementia
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20
Q

medels law of independent assortment

A

the inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect the inheritance pattern of another trait

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21
Q

complementation

A

when 2 strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same phenotype, produce offspring of the wild type phenotype when mated or crossed
will only occur if mutations are in different genes

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22
Q

epistasis

A

the masking of the expression of one gene by another. no new phenotypes are produced
-“epistasis gene” does the masking
- “hypostasis gene” is masked

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23
Q

recessive epistasis - F2 phenotypic ratio for

A

9:3:4

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24
Q

dominant epistasis - F2 phenotypic ratio for

A

12:3:1

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25
Q

mendelian ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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26
Q

A -

A
  • could be A or a
27
Q

dominance series in cats

A

C > c^b = c^s > c > c^a

28
Q

codominance (ABO blood types)

A

I^A, I^B, i, ii (o)
- I^A encodes a transferase enzyme (adds acetylgalactosamine) to surface of red blood cells - will reject type B
- I^B encodes a transferase (galactose) to surface of red blood cells - will reject type A
- i encodes a non-functional transferase - will not reject a or b

29
Q

blood types and genotypes

A
  • IAIA or IAi (type A)
  • IBIB or IBi (type B)
    -ii (type O)
  • IAIB (type AB) (codominant)
30
Q

phenocopy

A

a change in phenotype arising from environmental factors that mimic the effects of a mutation in a gene

31
Q

extensions of mendeialians experiment

A
  • 9:3:3:1, will always show for genotypes but not always phenotype
32
Q

pleiotropy

A
  • single gene cab be responsible for a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypic effects

eg. - sickle cell disease affects respiratory and joint pain
- cystic fibrosis

33
Q

inbreeding depression

A
  • inbred lines of experimental species are often less vigorous than hybrid lines
    -inbred lines of self fertilized plants are homozygous for alleles that were present in the founding line
  • inbreeding increases frequency of homozygotes and decreases frequency of heterozygotes
34
Q

heterosis

A
  • when 2 different inbred lines are crossed, the hybrids are heterozygous for many genes
  • these heterozygotes display heterosis, or hybrid vigor
35
Q

Hardy Weinberg Principle

A
  • predicting genotypes through allele frequencies in a popul
  • random matings will produce genotypes of the next generation in proportions p2(AA), 2pq(Aa), q2(aa)
36
Q

calico cats

A
  • females XX
    O - orange
    o - black
37
Q

aneuploidy

A

causes an organism to have more or less chromosomes than usual
- caused by meiotic nondisjunction

38
Q

monoploidy

A

N - doesn’t have a pair

39
Q

polyploidy

A

more than the normal number of sets of chromosomes
- 3N (triploid)
- 4N (tetraploid)

40
Q

autopolyploids

A
  • chromosome sets are all identical
    -chromosomes are derived from the same species
  • more vegetative growth
  • less seed production
41
Q

polyploidy plants

A

seedless varieties of citrus are triploids or pentaploids

  • polyploids are sterile due to problems with pairing and separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis
42
Q

polyploidy in animals

A

interspecies crosses can result in a sterile animal
- chromosome doubling which potentially could restore fertility is not well tolerated

43
Q

aneuploidy (Down syndrome)

A
  • 21 extra chromosomes
44
Q

aneuploidy (patau syndrome)

A
  • 13 extra chromosomes
45
Q

aneuploidy (Edward syndrome)

A
  • 18 extra chromosomes
46
Q

Turner syndrome

A

-X0
female with a single X

47
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • XXY
    male with an extra X
48
Q

Triple X syndrome

A

-XXX
inaCtivates 2 X’
only in meiosis 2

49
Q

Double Y males

A

XYY

50
Q

deletion or deficiency

A

a missing chromosome segment

51
Q

duplication

A

extra chromosome segment

52
Q

hypoploidy

A

less genetic material
- still have all chromosomes

53
Q

hyperploidy

A

more genetic material

54
Q

translocations

A
  • occur when a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a non homologous chromosome
55
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

piece of two non homologous chromosomes are exchanged without any net loss of genetic material

56
Q

compound chromosomes

A
  • formed by the fusion of homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids or homologous chromosome segments
57
Q

robertsonian translocations

A

formed by the fusion of two non homologous chromosomes at their centromeres

58
Q

linkage

A

genes on same locus
- inherited together

59
Q

recombination

A

-unlinkage
- distance between genes

60
Q

tetrad or bivalent

A

4 homologous chromosomes are formed

61
Q

chiasma

A

site where recombination occurs

62
Q

transformation

A

transfer of a free (out of the cell) piece of DNA from one bacterium into another
- a process by which “competent” bacterial cells take up DNA from the environment
- can be used to determine distance between bacterial genes
-only about 0.2-0.5% of the entire bacterial chromosome undergoes transformation

63
Q

conjugation

A
64
Q

transduction

A

transfer of genes from one cell to another via bacteriophage (vector)
- bacteriophages can “hijack” bacterial chromosome genes during the process of phage assembly

MBG*2040 (1 decks)

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