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BIO152 > Mitosis/cell cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis/cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in cell cycle

A
  • G1, S, G2, M = nterphase
  • mitotic phase
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2
Q

why do cells divide

A
  • growth and development
  • repair and renewal
  • reproduction
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3
Q

how long is cell cylce in humans

A

24hrs

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4
Q

explain G1

A
  • gap
  • synthesis of RNA, proteins and organelles
    -decide whether should proceed to replication
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5
Q

explain S

A

= synthesis
- replication of DNA
- short phase = 5 hrs
- each cell contains 46 chromosomes, each now having 2 chromatids ready to divide

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6
Q

what are chromatids vs chromosomes

A
  • chromatids if there are two joined at the centromere
  • chromosomes if only one (not joined)
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7
Q

explain G2

A
  • gap 2
  • checking for errors
  • DNA repair
  • preparing for mitosis -> CELL GROWTH and protein synthesis
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8
Q

what is M phase

A

mitosis phase
- nuclear division nto two genetically identical daughter cells
- 30-45 mins

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9
Q

how is DNA checked - explain checkpoints

A
  • there are checkpooints in CC that ensure cell is ok
    1. G1-S transition contol, checks cell is ready for replication in S phase - size, proteins ready and damage to DNA checked
    2. G2-M control = checks size, if replication is complete and if proteins are made
    3. metaphase-anaphase control = check if mitosis is occuring correctly - connection to spindle fibres and distribution of chromosomes into daughter cells
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10
Q

What are clyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins

A

CDK = enzymes that activate proteins requires for cell cycle to conitnue
cyclins = protein that bind to CDK and activate

These allow cells to pass checkpoints onto next phase

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11
Q

apoptosis vs necrosis

A

ap = programmed cell death and is a normal process, affects one cell, beneficial
necrosis = premature death (swell and rupture)
- not normal, results of external factor, uncontrolled, affects many cells, destructive, causes inflammation

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12
Q

what is apoptosis triggered by

A
  • apoptotic signals - e.g. hormones
  • DNA damage
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13
Q

explain structure of chromosomes

A
  • centormere
  • small/top arm = p arm
  • long/bottom arm = q arm
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14
Q

forms of chromosomes

A
  1. telocentric - very small p-arms
  2. acrocentric - shorter p arm
  3. submetacentric - almost equal
  4. metacentric = equal
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15
Q

what is the distance between two base pairs

A
  • 0.34 nm
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16
Q

packaging of DNA

A

DNA molecule -> nucleosomes (hstones added) -> chromatin firbe -> loop -> heterochromatin -> chromosome

17
Q

what is a karyotype

A
  • visualisation of complete set of chromosomes in individuals
  • taken in metaphase stage
  • longest to smallest, sex on end
18
Q

advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Ads:
- efficient
DIS:
- lack of genetic diversity
- reduced ability to adapt to new environments

19
Q

how to calculate DNA length in a cell

A

= base pairs x 0.34
usually = 6x10^9 x 0.34
= 2m

20
Q

explain prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • centrosomes migrate to poles
  • spindles form
  • asters (ends of spindles) form
21
Q

heterochromatin vs euchromatin

A

heterochromatin = tightly wound and condensed DNA that cannot undergo transcription
euchromatin = loosely wound

22
Q

what are centrosomes

A
  • microtubule organising centre
  • each centrosome has pair of centrioles
  • replicated during S phase
23
Q

Explan Prometaphase hard

A
  • fragmentation of nuclear membrane - breakdown of nuclear envelope
  • centrosoms move towards opposite sides
  • spind;es attach to chormatids at centsomere
24
Q

Explain metaphase

A
  • fully condensed chromosomes align along metaphase plate
  • checkpoint
25
Q

explain anaphase

A
  • A = chromosomes pull towards spindle poles via centromere
  • B = spindle poles move away from each other
26
Q

explain telophase

A
  • daughter chromosomes reach spindle poles
  • nuclear envelop reforms
  • chromosomes decondense
  • spindle dissasembles
27
Q

explain cytokinesis

A
  • separation of cytoplasm
  • cleavage furrow (actin along equator)
28
Q

phases of Mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
  6. cytokinesis

BIO152 (12 decks)

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