Mitosis and Meiosis Test Expectations+ Flashcards
Define: Haploid
The term used to describe a single set of chromosomes that equals half the diploid count. In humans, haploid count equals 23.
Define: Diploid
The term used to describe a complete set of chromosomes, consisting of one from each parent. Humans have a diploid count of 46.
Define: Chromosome
The means of storage for DNA in a cell or organism. Every species has a distinct number,
Define: Sister chromatid
A pair of identical chromosomes, derived from the division of a single chromosome, that align at a common centromere
Define: Centromere
(Greek, CENTR-, “center”) The central point at which a pair of sister chromatid attach to one another
Define: Tetrad
(Greek, TETRA-, “four”) A group of four chromatids formed by pairs of homologous chromosomes
Define: Tetrad
(Greek, TETRA-, “four”) A group of four chromatids formed by pairs of homologous chromosomes
Define: Synapsis
A process during which homologous chromosomes come together as pairs. It is during this process that four-chromatid complexes called tetrads are made.
Define: Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same size, shape, and genes, but may contain different versions of these genes
Define: Crossing over
The process in meiosis (specifically prophase I) during which two non-sister chromatids exchange elements of DNA, beginning when the two genetically different chromatids come into contact at the chiasma
Define: Mutation
An irreversible change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s genome
Define: Point mutation
A type of mutation that causes only a single nucleotide base to change, in addition to insertion or deletion of DNA or RNA
Define: Chromosome mutation
A change that affects protein production and can lead to alterations to a chromosome’s physical structure that are more or less harmful to its function
State the sequence of mitosis (4 phases)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
State the sequence of mitosis (4 phases)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
State the sequence of meiosis I (5 phases)
Prophase I Crossing over Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
State the sequence of meiosis II (5 phases)
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis
Describe the function of cell division in prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, the primary function of cell division is to make asexual reproduction possible.
Describe the function of cell division in eukaryotes
In eukaryotes, cell division is the primordial means for growth and reparation of cells. It also allows an organism to contribute unique DNA to its offspring.
Describe the function of cell division in eukaryotes
In eukaryotes, cell division is the primordial means for growth and reparation of cells. It also allows an organism to contribute unique DNA to its offspring.