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Chromosomes and Gene Functions > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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2
Q

What is a metacentric chromosome?

A

x shaped chromosomes with the centromere in the middle so that the two arms of the chromosomes are almost equal

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3
Q

what is an acrocentric chromosome?

A

A chromosome in which the centromere is located quite near one end of the chromosome

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4
Q
  • Label the following diagram with: sister chromatids, non sister chromatids, non homologous chromosomes, homologous chromosomes
A

there

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5
Q

In a human, how long does mitosis last in the cell cycle?

A

2 hours

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6
Q

how long does g1 last

A

11 hours

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7
Q

how long does s phase last

A

7 hours

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8
Q

how long does g2 last

A

4 hours

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9
Q

describe the different phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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10
Q

What part is interphase?

A

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis. - everything except mitosis

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11
Q

what phases are in mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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12
Q

what happens to the chromosomes in prophase of mitosis?

A

the chromosomes condense and become visible

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13
Q

what happens to the centrosomes in prophase of mitosis?

A

they move apart toward opposite poles and generate new microtubules

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14
Q

what happens to the nucleoli in prophase of mitosis?

A

they begin to disappear

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15
Q

*what is a microtubule?

A

Microtubules are filamentous intracellular structures that are responsible for various kinds of movements in all eukaryotic cells.

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16
Q

in metaphase of mitosis what happens to the chromosomes?

A

the chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles

17
Q

in anaphase of mitosis what happens to the centromeres

A

they divide

18
Q

in anaphase of mitosis what happens to the sister chromatids once the centromeres have been divided?

A

the sister chromatids move to opposite poles

19
Q

what happens to the nuclear membranes and nucleoli in telophase of mitosis

A

they reform

20
Q

what happens to the spindle fibres during telophase of mitosis

A

they disappear

21
Q

what happens to the chromosomes in telophase of mitosis

A

they uncoil and become a tangle of chromatin

22
Q

*what happens during cytokinesis in an animal cell

A

a cleavage furrow forms and the cells divide

23
Q

*what happens during cytokinesis in a plant cell

A

a cell plate forms between the cells and they divide

24
Q

what is the problem with sex

A

only half the genes are transmitted from each parent so each individual is less efficient at passing its genome to the next generation, problem compounded when you have two sexes

25
Q

what is the main advantage of sex

A

the main advantage is the shuffling of genes, providing variation from which selection can act

26
Q

list all the stages of meiosis haha this might be a long ting

A

meiosis 1- prophase 1 - leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakineses. metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1. INTERKINESIS meiosis 2 - prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

27
Q

list the stages of prophase 1

A

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

28
Q

what happens to the chromosomes and chromatids in leptotene of prophase 1 in meiosis

A

they thicken and become visible but the chromatids remain invisible

29
Q

what happens to the centromeres in leptotene of prophase 1 of meiosis

A

the centromeres begin to move towards opposite poles

30
Q

what happens to the chromosomes in zygotene of prophase 1 of meiosis

A

the homologous chromosomes enter synapsis and the synaptonemal complex forms

31
Q

what happens to synapsis in pachytene of prophase 1 of meiosis

A

synpasis is complete baby!!!

32
Q

what is special that occurs in pachytene of prophase 1 of meiosis

A

crossing over

33
Q

what occurs in crossing over in pachytene

A

genetic exchange between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair occurs

34
Q

what happens to the synatonemal complex in diplotene of prophase 1 of meiosis 1

A

the synaptenemal complex dissolves

35
Q

what can you see in diplotene in terms of chromatids

A

a tetrad of four chromatids is visible

36
Q

crossover points appear as what in diplotene of prophase 1 in meiosis 1

A

crossover points appear as chiasmata, which hold non sister chromosomes together

37
Q

in which stage does meiotic arrest occur in many species

A

prophase 1 of meiosis 1

38
Q

what happens to the chromatids in diakinesis of prophase 1

A

they thicken and shorten

39
Q

what happens at the end of prophase 1

A

the nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle begins to form

Chromosomes and Gene Functions (11 decks)

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