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BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 > MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS > Flashcards

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the cells formed in cell division called

A

daughter cells

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2
Q

what are some controls on the cell division

A

G1 - has the cell grown to a suitable size ?
G2 - did DNA replicate correctly
M - did cell divide properly
these checkpoints are controlled by protein

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3
Q

Describe cell growth as it relates to a cut or scrape

A

the skin cells will go mitosis in order to divide and make exact copies of themselves.

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3
Q

Describe the events of the three phases of interphase

A

G1: Stands for time gap following cell division and preceding DNA replication.
Offspring grow to mature size
Perform all “cellular duties”
Make molecules and organelles
S: Cell’s DNA is copied (synthesized)
G2: Stands for time gap following DNA synthesis and preceding cell division.
Growth and preparation for cell division

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4
Q

Distinguish between chromosomes and chromatin.

A

chromatin is loosely coiled and not condensed. Chromosomes are a rod shaped structure made of DNA

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4
Q

describe the structure of chromatin

A

two identical halves that form as the DNA replicate.
One arm of a chromosome. Identical to its sister

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5
Q

phases of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TLEOPHASE, CYTOKINESIS

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5
Q

what takes place during prophase

A

tight coiling and condensing of DNA into chromosomes
centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell
spindle fibers form

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6
Q

what takes place during metaphase

A

“M” for middle. the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell

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7
Q

what takes place during anaphase

A

“A” for apart. the spindle fibers pull the opposite poles of the chromosomes apart at the centromere. Once each chromatic is separated from its “sister”, they are now each separate chromosomes

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7
Q

what takes place during telophase

A

the spindle fibers disassemble and the chromosomes convert back to chromatin

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8
Q

what takes place during cytokinesis

A

the cell officially divides into two new IDENTICAL cells
cytoplasm begins pinching and forms a cleavage furrow

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9
Q

when does the nuclear membrane go away?

A

prometaphase

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10
Q

what is apoptosis and when does it occur

A

apoptosis is when a cell self-destructs and it occurs when there is an issue with the cell that can not be repaired

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11
Q

what is MEIOSIS

A

a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number of the original cell

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11
Q

difference between MEIOSIS and MITOSIS

A
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12
Q

what are the cells produced by meiosis called

A

gametes

13
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells (sperm + egg)

14
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

Every cell in organisms produced by sexual reproduction has 2 of each autosome
Have information for the same traits but not the exact same information

14
Q

what is the goal of meiosis

A

to produce four unique daughter cells

15
Q

what is a cleavage furrow

A

indentation that appears on a cell’s surface when the cell is preparing to divide

16
Q

What types of cells are haploid?

A

when cells have only one set of chromosomes (23), they are a haploid (n)

16
Q

Describe what happens in meiosis I and what happens in meiosis II.

A

MEIOSIS 1 - reduces chromosome numbers from diploid to haploid in prep for gamete formation

MEIOSIS 2 - further divide haploid cells produced in meiosis 1

16
Q

what happens in telophase 1

A

chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell
cytokinesis 1 begins
the resulting new cell contains a haploid number of chromosomes

16
Q

what happens in prophase 1

A

DNA condenses into X shaped structures (sister chromatid) and pair up

pairs exchange DNA (crossing over/recombination)

form tetrads

nuclear membrane dissolves

Meiotic spindle extends across cell between centrioles

16
Q

what types of cells are diploid?

A

when cells have two sets of chromosomes (46), they are a diploid (2n)

17
Q

tetrads

A

genes of one chromosome are adjacent to corresponding genes on other chromosomes

18
Q

what happens in metaphase 1

A

tetrads/chromosomes line up RANDOMLY along the middle of the cell

spindle fibers from each pole attach to respective homologous

19
Q

what happens in anaphase 1

A

each homologous chromosome (consisting of two chromatids attached by a centromere) move to an opposite pole. this separation is RANDOM

20
Q

what happens in anaphase 2

A

chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

21
Q

what happens in prophase 2

A

spindle fibers form and begin moving chromosomes to the midline of dividing cell

22
Q

what happens in metaphase 2

A

chromatids face opposite poles

23
Q

what happens in telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2

A

nuclear membrane forms around the chromosome in each of four new cells

Cytokinesis occurs, resulting in four new cells (each with half the original cell’s number of chromosomes)

23
Q

what is recombination

A

crossing over, when pairs of chromosomes exchange DNA

24
Q

what is the random separation of homologous called

A

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

25
Q

What do telomeres do?

A

protect ends of chromosomes from being tangled

25
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis makes 2 genetically identical diploid cells.

Meiosis makes 4 genetically different haploid cells called gametes.

26
Q

compare potency of different types of stem cells (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent)

A

totipotent = high
pluripotent = medium
multipotent = low
the potency of stem cells refers to its ability to differentiate

27
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

28
Q

what is a stem cell

A

undifferentiated (cells that are yet to develop into a particular cell variant) cells

BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 (5 decks)

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