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Gen. Bio 1 > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled,
condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with
a light microscope.

A

Prophase

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2
Q

The nucleoli disappear.

A

Prophase

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3
Q

Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres and, in some species, all along their arms by cohesins (sister
chromatid cohesion).

A

Prophase

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4
Q

• The mitotic spindle (named for its shape) begins to form. It is composed of the centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them. The radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosomes are called asters (“stars”).

A

Prophase

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5
Q

The centrosomes move away from each other, propelled partly by the lengthening microtubules between them.

A

Prophase

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6
Q

The nuclear envelope fragments.

A

Prometaphase

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7
Q

It is the transition between prophase and metaphase

A

Prometaphase

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8
Q

The microtubules extending from each centrosome can now invade the nuclear area.

A

Prometaphase

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9
Q

The chromosomes have become even more condensed.

A

Prometaphase

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10
Q

Each of the two chromatids of each chromosome now has a kinetochore, a specialized protein structure at the centromere.

A

Prometaphase

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11
Q

Some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores, becoming “kinetochore microtubules,” which jerk the
chromosomes back and forth.

A

Prometaphase

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12
Q

Nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole of the spindle.

A

Prometaphase

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13
Q

This is when chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres become aligned in one place, halfway between the two spindle poles.

A

Metaphase

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14
Q

The plane of alignment of the chromosomes at metaphase is referred to as the ______ .

A

Metaphase Plate

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15
Q

This is initiated by the separation of sister chromatids at their junction point at the centromere.

A

Anaphase

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16
Q

The chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate, a plane that is equidistant between the spindle’s two poles.

A

Metaphase

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17
Q

For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles.

A

Metaphase

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18
Q

It is the shortest stage of mitosis, often lasting only a few minutes.

A

Anaphase

19
Q

This begins when the cohesion proteins are
cleaved. This allows the two sister chromatids of each
pair to part suddenly.

A

Anaphase

20
Q

The two liberated daughter chromosomes begin
moving toward opposite ends of the cell as their
kinetochore microtubules shorten.

A

Anaphase

21
Q

The cell elongates as the non-kinetochore
microtubules lengthen.

A

Anaphase

22
Q

In this stage, the chromosomes that have reached their respective poles decondense and lose their individuality. The individual chromosomes can no longer be seen, and each set of chromatin material tends to collect at each of the two poles.

A

Telophase

23
Q

Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent cell’s nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system.

A

Telophase

24
Q

Nucleoli reappear.

A

Telophase

25
Q

The chromosomes become less condensed.

A

Telophase

26
Q

Any remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized.

A

Telophase

27
Q

Mitosis, the division of one nucleus into two genetically
identical nuclei, is now complete.

A

Telophase

28
Q

The two nuclei are compartmentalized into separate daughter cells and complete the mitotic cell division process.

A

Cytokinesis

29
Q

What are the five substages in Prophase I, in Meiosis?

A

Leptonema,
Zygonema,
Pachynema,
Diplonema,
Diakinesis

30
Q

Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible. The number of chromosomes present is the same as the number in the diploid cell. (MEIOSIS)

A

Leptonema

31
Q

Homologue chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner. (MEIOSIS)

A

Zygonema

32
Q

Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker. (MEIOSIS)

A

Pachynema

33
Q

A form of physical exchange between homologues takes place at specific regions. The process of physical exchange of a chromosome region is called crossing-over. Through crossing over, parts of the homologues also get recombined. (MEIOSIS)

A

Pachynema

34
Q

The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other. It is at this point where crossing-over is shown to have taken place. (MEIOSIS)

A

Diplonema

35
Q

The area of contact between two non-sister chromatids, called chiasma, become evident. (MEIOSIS)

A

Diplonema

36
Q

The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and the chiasma often terminalize or move down the chromatids to the ends. (MEIOSIS)

A

Diakinesis

37
Q

In addition, the nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down. (MEIOSIS)

A

Diakinesis

38
Q

The spindle apparatus is completely formed, and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologues. (MEIOSIS)

A

Metaphase I

39
Q

Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles. The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere regions. (MEIOSIS)

A

Anaphase I

40
Q

The dyads complete their migration to the poles. New nuclear membranes may form. (MEIOSIS)

A

Telophase I

41
Q

The dyads contract. (MEIOSIS)

A

Prophase II

42
Q

The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide. (MEIOSIS)

A

Metaphase II

43
Q

The sister chromatids (monads) move away from each other and migrate to the opposite poles of the spindle fiber. (MEIOSIS)

A

Anaphase II

44
Q

The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes. A nuclear membrane forms around each. (MEIOSIS)

A

Telophase II

Gen. Bio 1 (5 decks)

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