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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS > MITOSIS > Flashcards

MITOSIS Flashcards

1
Q

“Where a cell exists, there must have been a pre-existing cell, just as the animal arise only from an animal.”— name and year

A

Rudolf Virchow, 1855

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2
Q

Omnis cellula e cellula

A

every cell from a cell

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3
Q

The continuity of life based on the reproduction of cells

A

cell division

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4
Q

Functions of cell division

A
  1. asexual reproduction
  2. growth and development
  3. tissue renewal
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5
Q

example of asexual reproduction

A

amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote

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6
Q

example of growth and development

A

sand dollar embryo

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7
Q

example of tissue renewal

A

bone marrow cells

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8
Q

the cell division process is an integral part of—

A

cell cycle

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9
Q

the life of a cell from the time it is first formed during division of a parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells

A

cell cycle

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10
Q

why do biologists use the words sister/daughter in relation to cells

A

there is no relation

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11
Q

crucial function of cell division

A

passing identical genetic material to cellular offspring

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12
Q

reproduction of cell involves…

A

distribution of identical genetic material-DNA-to two daughter cells

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13
Q

a cell’s DNA, it’s genetic information is called

A

genome

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14
Q

in a typical human cell, what is the length of DNA, and about how many times is it greater than its diameter?

A

2 meters; 250,000 times greater

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15
Q

greek words and their meanings of “chromosomes” and the reason behind it

A

chroma - “color”
soma- “body”
reason: they take up certain dyes used in microscopy.

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16
Q

building material of chromosomes

A

chromatin

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17
Q

a eukaryotic chromosome consists of ________ associated with many ______.

A

one very long, linear DNA; proteins

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18
Q

the units of information that specify an organism’s inherited traits

A

genes

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19
Q

true or false: The DNA molecule carries several hundred to a few thousand genes.

A

true

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20
Q

functions of associated proteins of the chromosomes

A

maintains the structure and help control the activity of the genes

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21
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

all body cells except the reproductive cells

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22
Q

the nuclei of a human somatic cells contains how many chromosomes?

A

46

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23
Q

these cells have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

A

gametes (reproductive cells)

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24
Q

how many chromosomes (somatic) are there in a

  • cabbage plants
  • chimpanzees
  • elephants
  • hedgehogs
  • alga
A 
respectively; 
18
48
56
90
148
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25
Q

when a cell is not dividing, each chromosome is in the form of..

A

a long, thin chromatin fiber

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26
Q

after DNA replication, the chromosomes…

A

condense

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27
Q

each duplicated chromosome consists of ____ which are joined ___

A

two sister chromatids; copies of the original chromosome.

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28
Q

protein complexes that attaches two identical DNA all along their length _____ - this attachment is called __

A

cohesins; sister chromatid cohesion

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29
Q

a region made up of repetitive sequence in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatids

A

centromere

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30
Q

other bound proteins condense the DNA, giving the duplicated chromosome a

A

narrow “waist”

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31
Q

the portion of a chromatid to either side of centromere is referred to as an

A

arm of the chromatid

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32
Q

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

A

mitosis

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33
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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34
Q

meiosis occurs only in

A

special cells in the ovaries or testes (gonads)

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35
Q

this process fuses two gametes together and returns 23 chromosomes into 46 again

A

fertilization

36
Q

He developed dyes that allowed him to observe the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis and what year did he develop this

A

Walther Flemming, 1882

37
Q

what terms did Flemming coin?

A

mitosis, chromatin

38
Q

shortest part of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

mitotic (M) phase

39
Q

the mitotic phase alternates with a much longer stage called _______ which often accounts for about 90% of the cycle

A

interphase

40
Q

Interphase can be divided into 3 phases namely

A

G1 phase (“first gap”), S phase (“synthesis”), G2 phase (“second gap”)

41
Q

a cell grows by producing…

A

proteins and cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria and ER

42
Q

duplication of chromosomes, crucial for eventual division, occurs entirely in what phase?

43
Q

matching type (G1, S, G2 or M phase)

  1. grows more as it completes preparations for cell division
  2. divides
  3. continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes
  4. a cell grows
44
Q

M phase would occupy how many hours?

A

1 hour or less

45
Q

S phase would occupy how many hours?

A

10-12 hours/half of the cycle

46
Q

G2 phase would occupy how many hours?

47
Q

The phase that is the most variable in length in different types of cells

48
Q

G1 phase would occupy how many hours?

49
Q

stages of mitosis:

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

50
Q

consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins; many of the events of mitosis depend on this

A

mitotic spindle

51
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope
52
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell
53
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the nuclear envelope fragments
A

prometaphase

54
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the centrosomes move away from each other, propelled partly by the lengthening microtubules between them.
55
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • a nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus.
56
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • nucleoli reappers
57
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • shortest stage of mitosis, lasting only a few minutes
58
Q

a plane that is equidistant between the spindle’s two poles; where the chromosomes’ centromeres lie

A

metaphase plate

59
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the chromosomes have arrived at the metaphase plate
60
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the cell elongates as the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen
61
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the chromosomes become less condensed
62
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • a kinetochore has now formed at the centromere of each chromatid
A

prometaphase

63
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
64
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the chromosomes have become even more condensed
A

prometaphase

65
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • by the end of this, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes
66
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • any remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized
67
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the nucleoli disappear
68
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • for each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles.
69
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • mitosis is now complete
70
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • it begins when the cohesion proteins are cleaved. this allows the two sister chromatids of each pair to part suddenly. each chromatid thus becomes an independent chromosome
71
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • chromosomes, duplicated during the S phase, cannot be seen individually bc they have not yet condensed.
72
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores, becoming “kinetochore microtubules”which jerk the chromosomes back and forth
A

prometaphase

73
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • two centrosomes have formed by duplication of a single centrosome.
74
Q

regions in animal cells that organize the microtubules of the spindle. each of this contains two ______

A

centrosomes; centrioles

75
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole of the spindle lengthening the cell.
A

prometaphase

76
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres
    and in some species, all along their arms by cohesion
77
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nipuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent’s cell’s nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system
78
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the mitotic spindle begins to form. It is composed of the centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them.
79
Q

the radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosomes are called

A

asters (stars)

80
Q

G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE:

  • the two new daughter cells begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten. Bc these microtubules are attached at the centromere region, the centromeres are pulled ahead of the arms
81
Q

the spindle microtubules elongate (polymerize) by ___

A

incorporating more subunits of the protein tubulin

82
Q

a subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules ( also a type of microtubule-organizing center)

A

centrosome

83
Q

the spindle includes the

A

centrosomes, spindle microtubules, asters

84
Q

a structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of DNA at each centromere.

A

kinetochore

85
Q

true or false: the chromosomes’ two kinetochores face in the same direction

A

false; should be opposite

86
Q

cohesins holding together the sister chromatids of each chromosome are cleaved by an enzyme called

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS (1 decks)

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