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CAP Aerospace > Mitchell Test > Flashcards

Mitchell Test Flashcards

1
Q

Aeronautics

A

The science of flight within the atmosphere

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2
Q

Aircraft

A

Any machine that is capable of flying through the air

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3
Q

Chord

A

A line drawn through an airfoil from its leading to trailing edge

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4
Q

What did Marco Polo see in 1299 AD?

A

Chinese sailors attached to kits being used as military observers

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5
Q

What aircraft was the first true powered flight with humans taken?

A

Hot air balloon

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6
Q

What aircraft were the first to have directional control?

A

Gliders

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7
Q

What did Bernoulli find out about the pressure of a fluid?

A

The pressure in a stream of fluid is reduced as the speed of the flow is increased

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8
Q

What does the venturi tube do?

A

Cause air to accelerate when passing through the middle (which has a smaller circumference than the rest of the tubes)

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9
Q

What is Newton’s first law?

A

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced, outside force

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10
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

A force acting upon a body causes it to accelerate in the direction of the force, acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body being accelerated

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11
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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12
Q

What is the curvature on the upper surface of the wing called?

A

Upper camber

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13
Q

When air travels over the surface of an airfoil what happens?

A

Air flows faster over upper surface, pressure decreases above airfoil so the airfoil must move upwards

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14
Q

What is the Coanda effect?

A

The tendency of a stream of fluid to stay attached to a convex surface

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15
Q

What are the two artificial forces that act upon an aircraft?

A

Lift, thrust

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16
Q

Why is thrust an artificial force?

A

It requires a mechanical mechanism to be generated

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17
Q

What is yaw?

A

Rotation around the vertical axis of an airplane

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18
Q

What is roll?

A

Rotation around the longitudinal axis

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19
Q

What do Fowler Flaps do?

A

Increase lift when put up partially, increase drag when put up fully

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20
Q

As a propeller turns, which part moves the fastest?

A

The very tip

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21
Q

Lapse rate

A

The average rate at which temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, typically 3.5 degrees per 100 feet increase

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22
Q

Thermal

A

A column of air that moves upwards

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23
Q

What provides the lifting power for sailplanes?

A

The energy of the environment, rising air/thermals

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24
Q

What is a glider?

A

An aircraft towed to a certain altitude that then glides back to Earth due to the pull of gravity

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25
Q

At what age do the federal aviation regulations allow a young person to solo in a glider?

A

14

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26
Q

What principle does a balloon operate on?

A

Buoyancy

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27
Q

Why is directional control in a balloon minimal?

A

A balloon floats on the wind

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28
Q

What three instruments does a balloon pilot have on his instrument panel?

A

Variometer, temperature gauge, altimeter

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29
Q

Lean mixture

A

A mixture of gasoline and air in which there is less fuel and more air

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30
Q

What is a powerplant?

A

A term which applies to the airplane engine and accessories

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31
Q

What does the internal combustion engine change heat into?

A

Mechanical energy

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32
Q

What does the cylinder do in an internal combustion engine?

A

Forms a part of the chamber in which the fuel is compressed and burned

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33
Q

What does the spark plug do in an engine

A

Provides a small lightning bolt that ignites the air/fuel mixture causing an explosion that drives the piston downward and creates power

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34
Q

What is the standard configuration for a general aviation aircraft engine?

A

4-6 cylinders divided into 2 “banks” opposite each other

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35
Q

What is the operating cycle of a reciprocating engine?

A

Intake, compression, ignition, power, exhaust

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36
Q

How were “fossil fuels” created?

A

Animals + plants from millions of years ago were fossilized and their energy was preserved

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37
Q

What is a stoichiometric ratio?

A

15 part air to 1 part gas

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38
Q

What is the difference between a rich mixture and a lean mixture?

A

The ratio of fuel to air

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39
Q

What happens if icing chokes the carburetor?

A

The engine will quit

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40
Q

What does the mixture control do?

A

Controls the ratio of fuel to air

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41
Q

What is important when starting the airplane?

A

Use a rich mixture because at first it is cold outside the engine

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42
Q

What protects the electrical system from electrical overloads?

A

If a circuit breaker “pops” power is shut off to that circuit breaker, the thin metal piece of a fuse is designed to break if there’s an electrical overload

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43
Q

In a jet engine, what creates thrust?

A

Hot gasses being expelled by the exhaust pipe

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44
Q

What does the tachometer display?

A

Engine speed

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45
Q

What does the altimeter display?

A

Height above sea level

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46
Q

How long is a nautical mile?

A

6706 feet

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47
Q

What does a gyro power?

A

Energy source in attitude indicator, heading indicator, turn coordinator

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48
Q

What does the attitude indicator display?

A

Shows aircraft orientation relative to Earth’s horizon

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49
Q

What is a glass cockpit?

A

Cockpit that features electronic instrument displays

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50
Q

What is GPS?

A

A navigation and precise-positioning tool

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51
Q

Heading

A

The direction an airplane is pointed

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52
Q

What is the first step in the flight profile?

A

Preflight inspection

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53
Q

What does the FAA do?

A

Controls American airway system, establishes standards for airports

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54
Q

What does a runway with 18 mean?

A

The runway is faced south, or 180 degrees from the north

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55
Q

What are REIL or Runway End Identifier Lights?

A

High-intensity white strobe light marking each end of the runway

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56
Q

What color does a taxiway light?

A

Blue

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57
Q

What is a key factor in flying, especially in takeoff and landing?

A

Wind

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58
Q

Relief

A

A term used to describe elevations, which is depicted by color tints, contour lines, and shading on maps

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59
Q

What are the four distinct regions or layers of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

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60
Q

What is the fundamental cause of our various weather conditions?

A

The Sun

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61
Q

What causes the uneven temperature and pressure differences?

A

The Sun heats the Earth unevenly and different surfaces retain heat for different amounts of time

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62
Q

Why do airplane engines work more efficiently in dense, colder weather?

A

Warm air has less molecules that are spaced further apart

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63
Q

How long does it take the Earth to revolve around the Sun?

A

365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes

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64
Q

What causes the seasonal changes?

A

The Earth is tilted

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65
Q

What direction does the Earth rotate?

A

Counterclockwise

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66
Q

What causes the doldrums?

A

The meeting of the north and south winds that pushes air upwards

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67
Q

What are responsible for the many weather movements across the US and Canada?

A

The jet stream

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68
Q

What is the jet stream?

A

A stream of very strong winds going across North America

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69
Q

Why is knowing where the jet stream is useful to pilots?

A

It can drastically speed up trips going from west to east or delay trips going from east to west

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70
Q

What is wind chill?

A

Temperature and wind speed used to explain how cold feels

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71
Q

What is wind?

A

A body of air in motion

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72
Q

How is wind direction defined?

A

By the direction the wind is coming from

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73
Q

What are crosswinds?

A

Any wind that has a perpendicular component to the line or direction of travel

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74
Q

How do you find what the capability of a plane to take a certain crosswind is?

A

Check the airplane’s manual

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75
Q

What is a tailwind?

A

A wind that blows in the direction of travel of an object

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76
Q

What is a microburst?

A

A sudden downburst of fast winds

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77
Q

If we break ____ down into its basic form, it becomes energy.

A

heat

78
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of molecular motion expressed on a man-made scale

79
Q

Does temperature affect takeoff?

A

Yes

80
Q

What does the atmospheric pressure depend on?

A

The number of molecules occupying the space

81
Q

What is precipitation?

A

General term given to various types of condensed water vapor

82
Q

What is fog?

A

Tiny droplets of liquid water at or near the surface of the land or water

83
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Continuous movement of water as it circulates between the Earth and its atmosphere

84
Q

How do cumulus clouds look?

A

Big and fluffy

85
Q

Where are cirrus clouds found?

A

20,000 feet in the air

86
Q

What are cirrus clouds composed of?

A

Ice crystals

87
Q

What clouds can be dangerous for pilots?

A

Lenticular clouds

88
Q

What phenomenon are cumulus clouds associated with?

A

Mammatus development

89
Q

What do cirrus clouds look like?

A

Very wispy and feathery

90
Q

What happens during the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm?

A

Downdrafts only

91
Q

Do tornadoes have a specific time of year or place that they show up?

A

Yes, Tornado Alley and summer

92
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of a hurricane?

A

The eye of the storm

93
Q

What does the eye of a hurricane consist of?

A

Calm winds and clear skies with no clouds

94
Q

Who developed the first rocket engine?

A

Hero

95
Q

What created the thrust in the Hero engine?

A

Steam

96
Q

What kind of rocket was used in 1232?

A

Solid-propellent rockets

97
Q

What did Roger Bacon’s improved forms of gun powder do?

A

Increased the range of the rocket

98
Q

What kind of rocket was used during the battle of Fort McHenry (when The Star-Spangled Banner was written)?

A

Congreve rockets

99
Q

Whose writings about travel into outer space caused small rocket societies to be created around the world?

A

Jules Verne

100
Q

Who was known as the “Father of the Soviet Space Program?

A

Sergei Korolev

101
Q

What is a launch vehicle?

A

A rocket-propelled vehicle used to carry a payload from Earth’s surface to space

102
Q

What happened on October 4, 1957?

A

The first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched

103
Q

Who was the first man to orbit the Earth? When did he orbit the Earth?

A

Yuri Gagarin; April 12, 1961

104
Q

Who was the first American in space? How?

A

Alan Shepard; Freedom 7

105
Q

How long did the Freedom 7 flight last and what altitude did it reach?

A

15 minutes; 187 km

106
Q

What happened on May 25, 1961?

A

JFK announced the objective to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade

107
Q

What happened in February 1962? How long did the flight remain in orbit?

A

John Glenn was the first American to orbit Earth in the Mercury capsule on Friendship 7; 15 minutes

108
Q

What was developed with the one goal of sending humans to the Moon?

A

Saturn V

109
Q

What was the first US space station?

A

Skylab

110
Q

What did Neil Armstrong take a photo of while he was on the Moon?

A

Buzz Aldrin planting the American flag on the moon

111
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The rate of change in velocity with respect to time

112
Q

What is a payload? What are three examples of a payload?

A

What the rocket is carrying; explosives, satellites, astronauts

113
Q

What is the primary objective in the design and construction of an airframe?

A

Provides shape of a rocket; contains all other systems

114
Q

What rocket system is a self-contained electronic unit with a computer?

A

Guidance system

115
Q

What is the fuel of the solid propellant rocket?

A

Mixture of hydrogen compounds + carbon

116
Q

What kind of propellant is commonly used today? Why?

A

Liquid propellant; heavier than a solid propellent but easier to control

117
Q

What jet powered car broke the sound barrier and holds the Land Speed Record? What country was the car from?

A

Thrust SSC (Super Sonic Car); Britain

118
Q

What aircraft won the “Ansari X-Prize?

A

SpaceShipOne

119
Q

What is Virgin Galactic?

A

A company building the first private “airline” to space

120
Q

What is the cislunar space?

A

The space between the Earth and the moon

121
Q

What does the Air Force and NASA define as space?

A

The altitude of 50 miles

122
Q

What makes up the universe?

A

Everything

123
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

The point at which all molecules stop moving

124
Q

What kind of gravity is in space? What defines that?

A

Microgravity; extremely low amounts of gravity

125
Q

What is Interplanetary space?

A

From the center of the Sun to the orbit of its outermost planet

126
Q

What are the three shapes of galaxies?

A

Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular

127
Q

How are the Van Allen Belts formed?

A

The Earth’s magnetic field traps fast-moving, charged molecules that form donut-shaped clouds around the Earth

128
Q

What is a constellation?

A

A grouping of stars, named after mythical figures and animals

129
Q

What is a pulsar?

A

Pulsating star that flashes electromagnetic emissions in a set pattern

130
Q

Is the Sun a star?

A

Yes

131
Q

What is a nebula? What do they do?

A

Giant cloud of gas and dust; spin and move giving a galaxy its shape, also can produce stars

132
Q

What is a solar system?

A

The Sun and the bodies that orbit around it

133
Q

Why does the Moon’s distance from the Earth change slightly?

A

The Moon’s orbit is elliptical

134
Q

Why do we see different phases of the Moon?

A

The near side of the Moon has different amounts of sunlight on it at different times

135
Q

How long does a Moon day last?

A

27 Earth days

136
Q

What are asteroids?

A

Chunks of rock that range in size

137
Q

What is a comet and what are they made up of?

A

A giant dirty snowball made of ice, rock, and dust

138
Q

Which planet is the closest to the Sun?

A

Mercury

139
Q

Which is the hottest planet in the solar system?

A

Venus

140
Q

Which planet is known as the Evening Star? Why?

A

Venus; because it appears to follow the Sun in its daily motion across Earth’s sky

141
Q

What is an equinox?

A

A day where the hours of sunlight and nighttime are the same

142
Q

Which planet is known as the Red Planet and why is it called that?

A

Mars

143
Q

Why is Mars the most favorable planet to support life, next to Earth?

A

It is possible Mars once had water on it

144
Q

How big is Mars?

A

Half as big as Earth, everything on Mars weighs a 1/3 of what it would on Earth

145
Q

What is Jupiter’s mass?

A

318x that of Earth

146
Q

How long does it take Jupiter to revolve around the Sun?

A

12 Earth years

147
Q

What spacecraft was launched in the 1970s to visit Jupiter?

A

The Pioneer probes

148
Q

How long does it take Saturn to revolve around the Sun?

A

29 Earth years

149
Q

What are Saturn’s rings made of? How thick are the rings of Saturn?

A

Ice chunks, dust, and rocks of varying sizes; 1 mile

150
Q

What makes up Uranus?

A

Rocks, water, ammonia, methane (both liquid and ice)

151
Q

How long is one Neptune year?

A

165 Earth years

152
Q

What is Neptune’s atmosphere made up of?

A

Hydrogen, helium, methane

153
Q

Who discovered Pluto and when?

A

Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh; February 1930

154
Q

Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet and when did its designation change?

A

Pluto doesn’t dominate its orbital path; 2006

155
Q

What is Pluto made up of?

A

rocky core, water/ice layer, methane frost

156
Q

How did satellites get their name? Who named them and when?

A

Satellite comes from the French word for guard/attendant; Johannes Kepler in 1611

157
Q

What is Earth’s natural satellite?

A

The Moon

158
Q

Who launched the first artificial satellite? When was it launched and what was its name?

A

Russians, 1957, Sputnik

159
Q

What was Transit? What was it designed to do?

A

The first navigational satellite, to provide Polaris missile submarines with the ability to fix accurate positions

160
Q

What is Tiros I? When was it launched? What did it send back to Earth the same day it was launched?

A

First weather satellite, April 1, 1960, image of a hurricane

161
Q

What did the space probe series, the Rangers, do?

A

Take pictures of the Moon

162
Q

What is radiation?

A

Heat energy given off by the Sun

163
Q

What are sub-systems?

A

Support given to the spacecraft in space

164
Q

What does the propulsion system do?

A

Provides the boost for the satellite to get into orbit

165
Q

What does the attitude control system do?

A

Make minor corrections in the direction

166
Q

How does a satellite get power?

A

Solar panels that take in the Sun’s energy

167
Q

What does the command and control function do?

A

Communicate to the ground

168
Q

What is telemetry?

A

Any data that travels from a spacecraft to Earth

169
Q

What is an orbit?

A

The movement or path a satellite takes around a celestial body

170
Q

What did Ptolemy do?

A

Developed the first theory of motion of celestial bodies

171
Q

What did Copernicus develop?

A

A heliocentric theory of the universe

172
Q

What is Kepler’s First Law?

A

The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, with the Sun at the focus

173
Q

Who developed the Law of Universal Gravitation and what is it?

A

Sir Isaac Newton; explains gravitational pull between bodies in the universe

174
Q

What is the X-37 and what was it designed to do?

A

An unmanned spacecraft; provide a crew rescue, and transport capability to and from the ISS

175
Q

Who put the first man in space? What was his name? When was he put in space?

A

Soviet Union; Yuri Gagarin; April 1961

176
Q

Who was the first woman in space?

A

Valentina Tereshkova

177
Q

What was Project Mercury?

A

A space program with the goal of discovering space’s effect on the human body

178
Q

Who was the first American in space? When did this happen?

A

Alan Shepard; May 5, 1961

179
Q

Who was the first American to orbit the Earth?

A

John Glenn

180
Q

What was Gemini? What happened during Gemini?

A

A spaceflight project; 1st spacewalk

181
Q

What was Apollo’s mission?

A

To put a man on the Moon

182
Q

Which of the last six Apollo missions did not land on the moon?

A

Apollo 13

183
Q

What happened during Apollo 11?

A

The first man landed on the Moon

184
Q

Who was the second person to walk on the moon?

A

Buzz Aldrin

185
Q

When was the Space Shuttle first launched?

A

April 1981

186
Q

What was the purpose of the Space Shuttle?

A

Provided a system for transportation into space and a return back to earth

187
Q

What are the three main parts of the Space Shuttle?

A

Orbiter, solid rocket boosters, external tank

188
Q

Who was the first American woman in space?

A

Dr. Sally Ride

189
Q

Who launched the first space station into space? What was its name and when was it launched?

A

Soviet Union, Salyut I, April 18, 1971

190
Q

When was Mir launched?

A

February 20, 1986

191
Q

How big is Jupiter?

A

11x wider than Earth

CAP Aerospace (1 decks)

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