misterm 1 Flashcards
Feudalism (nobility and serfs)
nobility: owns land and pledges loyalty to monarchy/ military service
serf: work the land and serve the nobility
Absolutism
A political system where there is a singular ruler that holds supreme authority. Monarch justify their rule due to their divine right from god
Enlightenment 1685-1815
A change in thought to rational thinking, with an emphasis on reason, science, and human progress. Influenced the Americas, the French revolution, and created modern democracy. Birth of capitalism, social reason, and secularism. The movement away from god.
Voltaire 1694-1778
French Enlightenment writers believed in free speech, and religious tolerance, and challenged authority. Believed that the king would slowly be fazed out to a symbolic head.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
A major figure in the enlistment. Had the theory of general will. Believed that true freedom comes from giving up collective rights to the government and that the government or ruler would have the national general will in mind
Seven Years’ War 1754-1763
A global conflict between Britain and Prussia against Austria and France over colonial territories. Ended with Britain having control over both America and India.
Industrial Revolution 1750-1830
A shift away from agriculture to factory work. Mostly in Britain, and led to population growth, urbanization, labor surplus, and technology advances.
Steam Engine
Replaced human and animal power, during the industrial revolution.
French Revolution
Was caused by a bankruptcy due to war, and an absolute monarchy. Overthrew the absolutism in France and moved towards a new system.
Estate Gernal
Pre-revolution French government. With the Clergy (frist estate), Aristocracy (second estate) and the normies (third esate) giving each equal votes.
National Assembly
The Third Estate claimed themselves the ruling class, and in 1789 challenge the monarchy right to rule
Bastille
A medieval fortress in Paris symbolized the tyranny that the third estate stormed on July 14, making the beginning of the French Revolution.
Declaration of the Right of Man
The National Assembly passed this, declaring the protection of property, ensured training by jury, and guaranteed free speech.
Legislative Assembly 1791-1792
Created after the national convention, government of body. Known for declaring war on Austria.
National Conventions
Governed France during French Revolution. Abolished the monarchy and created a constitution.
Maximillien Robespierre
Leader of the Jacobin Club, and key figure in French Revolution and Reign of Terror.
Jacobin Club
The influential political club during the French Revolution.
Reign of Terror
Peiord during the French Revoltion mass execution ere carried out by Jacobians.
The Directory 1795-1799
5 people of government that controlled France after the Assembly, last one before Napolean.
Nationalism (+fraternity)
Fraternity: feeling common struggle between the people
Nationalism: Fench revoltion shifted from monarchy to the nation and the people, a new identity
Napoleon
Ordinary person who becomes ruler of France. United the people after the revolution, new government was established.
Napoleon Code
2000 articles, a lot about ownership, equality, merit. Influence the modern legal system, but restricted women.
Public and Private Spheres
Public: real of commerce, labor, and political
Private: family life and religious activity
Napoleonic War
Maintain France’s Strength after the French Revolution. Napoleon wanted to affirm his supremacy and was all about nationalism.
Congress of Vienna
Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain created the concert of Europe, in hopes of preventing another Napoleon.
Class
Marxaim class, a system of separation of people
Bourgeoisie
The middle class, and economic materialism upholding the political and economic interest of the capitalist ruling class.
Proletarian/Proletariat
The social class of wage earner, economic value comes from their labor power.
Age of Exploration (16-18th Century)
European powers wanting to explore and trade. Leading colonization.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Slave trade from Africa across the Atlantic to South America, Europe, and the New World.
Mercantilism
Economic nationalism increased the prosperity and power of a nation through restive trade. During the age of exploration countries that wealth was emerging in gold and silver showed their power. Lead to triangle trade: Europe supplied Africa and America with goods America gave free material and Africa gave slaves.
Scientific Revolution
Shift from superstition to empirical evidence, focus on science.
Capitalism
An economic system where private businesses and business are owned by the private people
socialism
A political system and economic ideology that believes that the good and business should be owned by the collective.
Communism
The idea of a stateless, classed society where all property and means of production are owned by the collective.
Ancien Regime
A Pre-revolutionary France, characterized by absolute monarchy, feudal privileges, and the division of society into the estate
Metternich
The architect of the Congress of Vienna (1815). Austrian diplomat and conservative statesman who played a key role in shaping post-Napolic Europe. He wanted a restore monarchies, suppress nationalism, and maintain a balance of power to prevent future revolts.
Laissez Faire
The idea is that the government should not interfere with business and the market.
Great Famine 1891-1892
Urbanization
The process of population shifting from rural areas to cities is driven by industrialization and economic opportunities.
Malthusianism
A theory that suggests population growth tends to outpace food production, leading to periodic famine, disease, and mortality as natural checks on population growth.
Philosophes
French intellectuals during the Enlightenment advocated for reason, progress, and the reform of society. They challenged traditional authority, key figures being Voltaire and Rousseau
Rationalism
A philosophical approach that emphasizes reason and logic as the privacy source of Knowsley, rather than sensory experience.
Unskilled v Skilled Labor
unskilled: refers to jobs with no training
skilled: jobs that have specific training
With the Industrial Revolution, there was a change away from skilled labor to unskilled labor with the factor and industry jobs increases, and the increase in technology.
