Missy Lecture Flashcards
What is the function of the endocrine system
Maintain homeostasis
Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine- secrete outside the body, have ducts, ex. Sweat, salivary, liver
Endocrine- secrete inside the body, ductless, ex. Thyroid, Gonads, adrenal, pituitary
Characteristics of the hypothalamus
Region in the brain
Primary link between endocrine and nervous system
Stimulates anterior pituitary to release hormones
Produces ADH and Oxytocin
Characteristics of the pineal gland
Synthesizes melatonin, regulates sleep/wake cycle
Characteristics of the anterior pituitary gland
Secretes GH, TSH, ATCH, MSH, FSH, LH, PRL
Characteristics of the posterior pituitary gland
Secretes and stores but does not produce ADH and Oxytocin
Characteristics of the thyroid gland
Increases metabolic rate
Secretes thyroxine, T3, T4
Iodine is important component of thyroxine
Secretes calcitonin in response to high calcium serum levels
Characteristics of the parathyroid glands
Secretes parathyroid hormone PTH when calcium serum levels are low
Characteristics of the thymus gland
Secretes thymosin to stimulate the immune system
Located behind the sternum
T-lymphocytes evolve from stem cells in the thymus
Characteristics of the adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol in response to stress and aldosterone in response to low BP
Adrenal Medulla secretes catecholamines and stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
Characteristics of the pancreas
Alpha cells produced glucagon with low BG
Beta cells produce insulin with high BG
Delta sells produce somatostatin to signal insulin and glucagon inhibition to slow nutrient absorption
Considered both an exocrine and endocrine gland
Name the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas
Exocrine - Acinus - digestive juices
Endocrine - Islets of Langerhans
Characteristics of the gonads
Male- Testosterone (androgens)
Female- estrogen (signals LH) and progesterone
Describe type I diabetes
IDDM, no insulin is produced, Child onset
Describe type II diabetes
NIDDM, insulin resistance or ineffective, “adult onset”
Describe gestational diabetes
Placenta produces hormones that inhibit the function of insulin
Usually diagnosed after 28 weeks (3rd trimester)
Glucose intolerance during pregnancy
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
ALOC, pale, cool, diaphoretic, seizure, agitated
Treatment of hypoglycemia
Oral glucose if gag intact
IV D50 25g
1 mg glucagon IM if no IV access
Turn off insulin pump
Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia or DKA
DLOC, fruity breath, Kussmaul’s respirations, tachycardia, N/V/D, dehydration, seizure
3 P’s = polyurea, polydipsia, polyphagia
Treatment of DKA
Hydration, insulin, electrolyte replacement, EKG monitor for peaked T waves, wide QRS, sine waves
What is HONK
Hyperosmolar non-Ketotic Coma
Similar to DKA except for lack of key tones
Commonly caused by infections or severe dehydration
Treatment for hyperglycemia
Fluids, treat acidosis, treat shock, treat underlying cause
The Adrenal gland disorders
Addison’s disease - aldosterone deficiency, glucocorticoid deficiency
Cushing’s syndrome- excessive cortisol production
Hyperthyroid disorders
Graves’ disease- goiter, exophthalmos, most severe
Hashimoto’s- effects TSH receptors
Hypothyroid disorders
Myxedema coma -physiologic manifestations of longterm hypothyroid
Thyrotoxicosis - triggered by a stressful event increasing volume of thyroid hormones in circulation
What is panhypopituitarism?
An inadequate production of any pituitary hormones
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, ADH
What is ACTH, what is it produced by and what is the target tissue?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Anterior Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
What is TSH, what is it produced by, and what is it target tissue?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
What is LH, FSH and PRL, what is it produced by, and what is its target tissue?
Leutinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin
Produced by the anterior pituitary
Testes and ovaries
What is GH, what is it produced by, and what is the target tissue
Growth hormone
Anterior pituitary
Bones and muscle and other various cells
What is a ADH, what is it produced by and what is the target tissue
Antidiuretic hormone
Hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior pituitary
The kidney
What is oxytocin produced by and what is the target tissue?
Produced by the hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior pituitary
Breasts lactation and uterine contractions
How does calcitonin work?
Secreted when calcium levels are high
Stimulates osteoblasts tubes or calcium
Stimulate kidneys to absorb and secrete excess calcium
Decrease calcium uptake in G.I. tract
How does parathyroid hormone work
Secreted when calcium levels are low Antagonist to calcitonin Decreases calcium released in urine Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood Increases calcium uptake in G.I. tract
Typical pathologies caused by diabetes
Kidney failure Neuropathy Retinopathy CVA's ACS
Common oral diabetes medications
Chlorpropamide, Glipizide, Glyburide, Metformin (Glucophage),
Why is it necessary to differentiate between CVA S&Sy and hypoglycemia S&Sy?
A rapid infusion of glucose to a patient experiencing a CVA could exacerbate cerebral damage, especially if it is a hemorrhagic stroke
Why do patients with hyperglycemia have polyuria?
the high solute concentration of the blood causes osmotic diuresis and can lead to dehydration and shock
What EKG rhythms may you see in a patient with hyperglycemia
tachycardia (dehydration)
Peaked T waves, wide QRS, sine wave (electrolyte imbalances)
Treat with Ca++Cl- and albuterol
Characteristic effects of HONK
Severe dehydration, AMI, Neurological changes, signs of infection
Common causes of pancreatitis
alcohol abuse and gall stones
S&Sy of pancreatitis
Flank or epigastric Px increases when supine, tachycardia, fever and jaundice
Primary adrenal insufficiency a.k.a
Addison disease
Atrophy or destruction of the adrenals leading to a deficiency in all of the steroid hormones
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Lack of ACTH secreted by the pituitary
Can because by a patients who abruptly stop taking corticosteroids
Typical characteristics of Cushings syndrome
hyperglycemia, moon face, buffalo hump, thin skin, excessive facial hair, scalp hair loss
Common characteristics of diabetes insipidus
Kidneys are unable to function properly and there may be a lack of ADH
Dehydration or water toxicity, hyponatremia
