Missed Questions Flashcards
Diagnosis of neurocognitive disorder
complex attention, executive functioning, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, and social cognition.
Premotor Cortex
initiation and execution of limb movements.
Mirror neurons here associated with empathy and imitation. Possible implications for ASD.
Temporal Lobes
associated with primary auditory processing
Parietal Lobes
visual information and site of somatosensory processing.
Percentage of dementias attributable to Alzheimers
60-90%
General Principles of APA - 5 sections
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Fidelity and Responsibility Integrity Justice Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
Object Relations in infants
0-3 mos babies see themselves fused with mother
Separation-individualization stage begins around 4 months.
Nomological
not necessarily logical but still taken as true
Dynamic Systems Theory
Esther Thelen
all components of an individual (cognitive, emotional, physical, and social parts) work together so the individual can gain new skills. Any component change results in a dynamic reorganization.
Murray Bowen
Known for conceptualizations of Family Systems therapy and his ideas regarding differentiation of the individual from others in the family system.
Jay Haley
Responsible for the approach to family therapy that attempts to identify a problem and then works within the family’s framework to find a solution to the problem. STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
Salvador Minuchin
Known for contributions to structural family therapy, which focuses on the family as a system. Therapist examines structural components of family (communication patterns) and suggests change in these areas.
Family Map - set of rules established between family members.
Enactment - roleplay technique meant to illustrate interactions
Reframing - seeks to reinterpret the meaning of behavior
Adlerian psychotherapy
Views individuals in a holistic way. Regards healthy living as governed by the way an individual connects to the family, community, and/or society. Child’s perception of role is extremely important.
Intergroup Prejudice
The idea that prejudice is a complicated matter involving history, culture, economy, and many other factors. Allport
Kelman
Known for work on the effects of society on behavior
Sherif and Asch
Known for work on effects of social conformity on behavior.
Drive Theory
Clark Hull. Based on belief that internal drives, such as biological needs, motivate behavior. Over time, behaviors are shaped based on how effective they are at reducing the drive - if effective, this increases probability of behavior in the future. Individuals work to maintain constant balance or homeostasis, if disturbed, action is taken to restore it.
Psychoanalytical Model
Healthy living viewed as moving smoothly through the stages of development rather than becoming stuck in a stage.
Gestalt Model
Healthy living is learning from experience rather than engaging in repetitive patterns of behavior. People are defined by their surroundings, family, memories, and social networks.
Analytical Model
Views healthy living as finding a balance between different aspects of people’s lives. Based on assumption that symptoms are a product of the clients whole personality, not his or her environment. Considers relationship between client and therapist as the basic prototype of the general structure of the client’s relationship pattern. Basic techniques include confession (recalling personal experiences), ciucidation (having insight), education (improvement of personal health), and transformation (self-actualization).
Impression formation
aka Social Cognition. The study of how people make sense of their social world. Schemata.
2 stages of appraisal - Lazarus
primary - threat of the stimulus is identified in a general sense.
secondary - identifies resources and options that may be available to cope with the stimuli.
Orbitiofrontal Cortex
aggressive and disinhibited behaviors are associated with damage here.
Has strong connections to amygdala.
Provides inhibitory influence on impulsive emotional responses.
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
Responsible for the coordination and rhythm of movement.
Density Intensity Hypothesis
Suggests that crowds increase positive experiences and make unpleasant experiences more negative. Attempt to explain crowding on individuals. Deaux & Wrightsman.
Crowding Theory
Refers to any theory that alludes to the state of mind that occurs when people are surrounded by many other people.
Medical or Train models
uses earlier status features to predict a later outcome (genetic features, temperaments, other factors)
Environmental Models
Development occurs as a result of environmental forces acting on the individual.
Interactional Models
Take both the characteristics of the child and the environment into account to explain current and future behaviors.
Confrontative Coping
Yalom & Leszcz. 11 therapeutic benefits to group therapy. installation of hope, universality, learning and conveying information, altrusim, corrective recapitulation of one’s family of origin, development of social skills, the opportunity to initiate behavior, processing, existential-related concerns, cohesiveness within the group, catharsis, and interpersonal learning.
Circular questioning
Term from Strategic Family Therapy - refers to a technique of comparing different responses to an identical question.
Racial identity salience
Extent to which an individual’s race is currently a relevant part of his or her self-concept. Part of the Black Racial Identity Development model.
Frustration-Aggression hypothesis
Proposes that when the ability to achieve a desired goal is blocked, aggression is the result of frustration. The aim of the aggression is to remove the barrier to reaching the goal, but if this is not possible, the aggression is taken out elsewhere.
Long Term Memory
declarative (conscious) memory
implicit (unconscious) memory
emotional (affective) memory
Insanity Defense Reform Act
Passed in 1984 - requires proof that the accused did not know what he or she was doing at the time of a crime. Burden of proof is on the accused.
Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales
facilitates process of evaluating if a defendant has the mental capacity to intend to commit a crime.
Meiosis
Process by which reproductive cells reproduce. Mitosis occurs when a cell divides into a copy of itself.
The Cass Identity Model
developed in 1979 - model of gay identity development
6 stages
identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthesis.
The Gay Identity Acquisition Model
4 stages
Transactional Model
Sameroff. Development as a result of reciprocal social interactions occurring over time between the individual and his or her surroundings. Equal emphasis on the individual and the environment, and emphasizes that deficits within the individual can impact development as well as deficits in interpersonal relationships.
Helms’ White Racial Identity Model
6 phases. Each stage has a certain information-processing status (IPS)
1 contact status
2 disintegration status
3 reintegration status
4 pseudo-independence status
5 - immersion-emersion status - explore what it means to be white and confront their own biases and begin to explore and understand ways that they benefit from white privlage. (hypervigilance and reshaping of beliefs.)
6 - internalization stage
Cannon-Bard theory
Theory of emotional experience identifies emotional experiences taking place within the brain, which then influence behavior. The theory centers around the thalamus (sensory relay area involved in emotional processing).
Somatic marker hypothesis (SMH)
Relatively new emotional theory that focuses on the emotion and its role in decision-making. Based on observations of individuals who have had brain damage and are sometimes unable to draw on emotions to direct future behavior.
Decision making is influenced by marker signals that arise from conscious and unconscious operations and includes various somatic changes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and glandular secretion. These responses “mark” potential behavior choices as good or bad.
Dimensional Model of emotion
considers emotions to be a combination of several dimensions of physiological and psychological phenomena.
Basic Emotion Model
Theorizes that all emotions can be described by a small group of specific emotions such as happy and sad
Person-Centered Therapy
Asserts the client is the expert on his or her own experiences, not that they are defined by their environments.
Existential therapy
relies on notion that individuals’ perceptions of the world differ, and therapeutic interventions should be viewed within each individual’s worldview rather than the view of his or her social or cultural context.
3 levels of PASS Model
Regulation of attention
receipt and retention of information
programming of behavior
Based on Luria 3 level theory of higher cortical functions.
Pass Model asserts that brain is composed of interdependent systems with separate functions.
Antagonist
blocks the effects of agonists on the system but have no effect of it’s own unless the agonist is also present. Used to change effects of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
Action Potential
Neurotransmitters are released by the axon of one neuron and bind to the receptors of another. This causes postsynaptic excitation, and when it reaches a minimum threshold, the neuron fires what is called an action potential. This causes the neuron to send the neural signal down its axon.
Statistical Power
Refers to probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. it is calculated by subracting a type II beta error from 1.
Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory
Oral, phallic (3-6), anal, latent
Development of gender identity depends highly on the successful resolution of psychosexual crisis during the phallic phase more than any other.
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor (Birth to 2) Coordinate sensory experience with physical actions
Preoperational (2-7) Children use words, images, and drawings to understand the world and develop their sense of reason.
Concrete Operational (7-11) Children can reason logically in specific of concrete examples.
Formal Operational (11-15) final stage characterized by abstract, idealistic, and logical thinking.
Primary Motor cortex
located in the frontal lobe, governs motor movements.
Z Score
(x-M)/SD
Contemplative Theory
focuses on individual interventions, such as yoga and meditation. (in other contexts besides family therapy?_
The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue. 5 Stages - conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness.
The Black Racial Identity Development Model
4 stages: pre-encounter stage, encounter stage, immersion-emersion stage, and internalization stage.
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model
Baltes - describes 3 factors that are critical across the life span: selection of goals, optimization of activities to pursue these goals, and adjustment of goals.
Premise is that utilization of these 3 factors help provide basis for adaptive functioning and positive development.
Holland’s 6 Dimensions
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional
Jungian Psychotherapy (Analytical)
The 4 tenets are the soul, the unconscious, the client-therapist, relationship, and self-improvement.
People unknowingly adopt thoughts from society and that is important to become aware of what these beliefs are.
Temperament
Rothbart and Bates 3 Dimensions
Extraversion/surgency
Negative affectivity
Effortful control or self-regulation
Attachement
secure, avoidant, and ambivalent/resistant
Moral Development
broken into stages that define different forms of moral thinking by individuals
Attentional Load Theory
Helps explain the relationship of facilitative and inhibitory mechanisms at work in the brain. Explains how reduction of interference caused by distractors is greatest when processing demands to the stimulus are highest.
Stroop Effect
Shows how attention to objects take precedence over attention to attributes.
Field Therapy
Behavior is affected both by the person and the environment. Lewin (first social psych to recognize the importance of the environment).
LOTS
Life events, observational, testing, and self-report. (John and Bennet-Martinez 2000). Used when choosing which data is going to be the data of primary interest in a particular study.
Social Influence
3 effects: compliance, identification, and internalization. Kelman. When people change their behavior to obtain a reward or avoid punishment, compliance occurs. Identification occurs when there is a behavioral change because of desired acceptance. Internalization is acceptance of a belief, attitude, or behavior that is expressed publicly and privately.
ADDRESSING
Acronym that can help people remember the areas of holding or not holding privilege within the American power system. A - Age and generation D - development D - disabilities R - religion E - ethnicity S - socioeconomic status S - sexual orientation I - indigenous heritage N - national origin G - gender
Fatal agranulocytosis
dangerously low level of white blood cells, which can occur when using clozapine (patients on this medication may have frequent cell counts done)
