missed questions

Question 1

what are conductance vessels

Answer 1

veins and arteries

Question 2

characteristics of ___ circulation include lower pressures and resistance through the vessels

Answer 2

pulmonary

Question 3

Maintaining homeostasis of the internal environment relies on which of the following (select all correct answers):

Answer 3

Maintaining adequate blood flow thought the tissue capillaries.

Optimizing the chemical composition of the blood for the interstitial fluid.

Question 4

When a person becomes dehydrated, water is generally lost from the ________ compartment first.

Answer 4

interstitial

Question 5

When looking at the cardiovascular system as a single unit, the pressure difference (∆P) across the system is the difference between

Answer 5

the aortic pressure and the right atrium pressure

Question 6

In nodal/pacemaker cells, the diastolic potential is established by

Answer 6

K+ leaking out of the cell.

Question 7

The Pacemaker Potential, also known as the Pre-Potential, in nodal cells is due to a reduction of _______ ions moving out of the cell and an increase in __________ moving into the cell through the HCN channel.

Answer 7

Potassium; Sodium

Question 8

In Phase 3 of a fast response action potential, repolarization occurs with the opening of which type of channels?

Answer 8

Voltage-gated potassium delayed rectifier channels

Question 9

Propagation of an action potential across the intercalated disc is due to _____________ through gap junctions.

Answer 9

the electrostatic attraction of ions

Question 10

Sympathetic input has a positive chronotropic effect by increasing cell membrane permeability to (select all correct answers):

Answer 10

sodium and calcium

Question 11

The resting tension on a cardiac myocyte is influenced by (select all correct answers):

Answer 11

preload and EDV

Question 12

In addition to increasing the relaxation rate of cardiac myoctes, sympathetic input can shorten the absolute refractory period

Answer 12

by increasing cell membrane permeability to potassium via delayed rectifier channels.

Question 13

Following the ejection phase, as a result of blood moving away from the heart

Answer 13

aortic pressure decreases.

Question 14

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles in relation to the starting volume is known as

Answer 14

ejection fraction.

Question 15

An increase in downstream pressure (i.e. the pressure in the aorta) will result in ________. (select all correct answers)

Answer 15

a higher aortic valve closing pressure

a higher end-systolic pressure.

a higher aortic valve opening pressure.

Question 16

An increase in preload _________

Answer 16

results in an increase in stroke volume.

is due to a higher end diastolic volume.

Question 17

Cardiac output from the left ventricle is equal to

Answer 17

venous return

Question 18

Which of the following factors does not directly influence stroke volume?

Answer 18

parasympathetic input

Question 19

An increase in afterload results in

Answer 19

higher aortic valve opening pressure

lower stroke volume

higher aortic valve closing pressure

increased end-systolic pressure

Question 20

The sodium-calcium exchanger

Answer 20

can move individual ions (i.e. sodium) in both directions across the cell membrane.

is dependent on concentration gradients

plays a role in resetting the membrane potential

Question 21

High central venous compartment pressure leads to _________

Answer 21

a decrease in preload

an increase in stroke volume

Question 22

pulmonary and systemic circulations that are in _____ with each other.

Answer 22

SERIES

Question 23

Norepinephrine release from post-ganglionic neurons results in a positive ____________ effect at the SA node.

Answer 23

chronotropic

Question 24

Which of the following depolarizes the resting membrane potential in a cardiac myocyte?

Answer 24

Inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the cell membrane (sarcolemma)

Question 25

In ventricular myocytes, a negative lusitropic effect can result from

Answer 25

Inhibition of phospholamban.