Missed Psych/Soc.

Question 1

What is experimental design

Answer 1

An experimental design involves manipulating a certain variable—known as an independent variable—to see what effects it has. The measured effects are known as dependent variables.

Question 2

What are Negative controls

Answer 2

Negative controls are treatments that are known to have no effect

Question 3

What are Positive Controls

Answer 3

positive controls are treatments that are known to have a certain effect and can therefore be used to assess whether the experimental methodology was sound.

Question 4

Moderating vs. Mediating variable

Answer 4

In experimental design, it is important to account for confounding variables (external variables affecting both the independent and dependent variable.)

For instance, if a study analyzes the effects of stereotype bias on math performance by race, but fails to account for socioeconomic status (SES), its results may be suspect, because SES may predict math performance and be correlated with race.

Moderating variables attenuate or strengthen a given relationship. Moderator variables basically inflence the strength that 2 other variables have with each other

Mediating variables provide an important logical link between an independent variable and a dependent variable, or outcome. Mediator variables expalin the relationship between two other variables

Question 5

Representativness vs. Avilibility Heuristic

Answer 5

1. The availability heuristic is when you make a judgment about something based on how available examples are in your mind. So, this heuristic has a lot to do with your memory of specific instances and what you’ve been exposed to.
2. On to representativeness. These decisions tend to be based on how similar an example is to something else (or how typical or representative the particular case in question is). In this way, representativeness is basically stereotyping. While availability has more to do with memory of specific instances, representativeness has more to do with memory of a prototype, stereotype or average.

Question 6

What 2 types of cells compose the nervous system?

Answer 6

The 2 cell types that compose the nervous system are:

1. Neurons (inter-communicate with other neirons)
2. Glial cells, which help to maintain the Neurons
   
   1. Oligodendrocytes (CNS only) and Schwann cells (PNS only)
   2. Microglial cells are small cells with a similar function to macrophages (debris removal)
   3. Astrocytes are star-shaped cells found only in the central nervous system. (maintain the proper chemical environment)

Question 7

What are the stages of Development as Piaget thought of them

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the Stages of Development as Erikson throught of them

Answer 8

Erikson essentially thoght of Development as a conflct between 2 states, and in order to have successful development/groth, these conflics have to be resolved.

• think of it like the levels of a game: In order to move on to the higher levels, you need to complete that lowers ones first

Question 9

Which of the following theories would provide the best support to the idea that mirror neurons are involved in language acquisition?

A) Chomsky’s language acquisition theory

B) Freud’s drive theory

C) Skinner’s operant conditioning theory

D) Vygotsky’s social learning theory

Answer 9

D) Vygotsky’s social learning theory

Vygotsky’s social learning theory has to do with language development and it is split into 3 categoreis:

1. External (heavilly dependant on the imput of others)
2. Egocentric
3. Inner speech

Question 10

________ disorders are marked by a state of excessive apprehension, worry, or panic.

Answer 10

Anxiety disorders are marked by a state of excessive apprehension, worry, or panic.

Question 11

________1)______ is the ability to perceive and experience one’s surroundings.

We humans loose _________1)________ atlest once a day in a process called ____2)____

Answer 11

Consciousness is the ability to perceive and experience one’s surroundings.

We humans loose conciousness atlest once a day in a process called sleep

Question 12

ID the 7 universal emotions posited by Eckamn below

Answer 12

Happiness, Sadness, Contempt, Surprise, Anger, Disgust, Fear

Question 13

These 3 theories seek to explain how the cognitive and physiological aspects of emotion are connected.

Answer 13

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer

Question 14

When someone experiences peer preassure and ahs an internal conflict that arisies within them, this is an example of __________________

Answer 14

When someone experiences peer preassure and ahs an internal conflict that arisies within them, this is an example of Cognitive Dissonance theory

• Simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions