Miscellaneous Information to Know

Question 1

Cyanosis is associate with

Answer 1

Hypoxemia

Question 2

Chest pains occur with abnormal

Answer 2

Blood Pressure

Question 3

Abnormal respirations result in

Answer 3

Shortness of breath

Question 4

Diaphoresis is a symptom associated with

Answer 4

an elevated temperature

Question 5

Scoliosis may restrict a patient’s chest expansion and decrease

Answer 5

tidal volume

Question 6

Poor muscle control may affect the reading of an

Answer 6

oral temperature

Question 7

Average temperature range in celcius:

Answer 7

36 to 38

Question 8

Average temperature range in F

Answer 8

96.8 to 100.4

Question 9

Average oral/tympanic temperatures in C and F

Answer 9

37 C

98.6 F

Question 10

Average rectal:

Answer 10

37. 5 C

99. 5 F

Question 11

Average axillary

Answer 11

36. 5 C

97. 7 F

Question 12

Acceptable rate pulse

Answer 12

60 to 100 beats/min

Strong and regular

Question 13

Acceptable range of pulse oximetry (SpO2)

Answer 13

> = 95%

Question 14

Respirations

Answer 14

12 to 20 breaths/min

Deep and regular

Question 15

Acceptable SYSTOLIC blood pressure

Answer 15

120 mm Hg

Question 16

Acceptable DIASTOLIC blood pressure

Answer 16

80 mm Hg

Question 17

Acceptable Pulse Pressure

Answer 17

30 to 50 mm Hg

Question 18

Acceptable Capnography (EtCO2)

Answer 18

Normal 35 - 45 mm Hg

Question 19

If the patient information is verifiable then it is

Answer 19

OBJECTIVE data (observable/tangible)

Question 20

Reflective Journaling is a method by which the nurse can find reasons for a particular behavior and

Answer 20

analyze thought process, actions, and knowledge. Reflective journaling helps the nurse make quality decisions for patient care.

Question 21

The cardinal signs of infection are established by early Greek and Roman physicians as the 4 “ORS”:

Answer 21

1. RUBOR ( redness )
2. CALOR ( heat [think calorie] )
3. DOLOR ( pain )
4. TUMOR ( swelling )

Question 22

Where is our short-term memory stored?

Answer 22

Hippocampus

Question 23

This occurs when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body become thick and stiff - sometimes restricting blood flow to your organs and tissues:

Answer 23

Arteriosclerosis

Healthy arteries are flexible and elastic, but over time, the walls in your arteries can harden, a condition commonly called hardening of the arteries.

Question 24

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe:

Answer 24

COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Bronchitis - increase mucous and inflammation

Emphysema - Destruction and enlargement of air spaces.

Damage to the lungs is irreversible. Rescue inhalers and inhaled or oral steroids can help control symptoms and minimize further damage.

Question 25

This condition gradually damages the alveoli in your lungs, making you progressively more short of breath and is one of several diseases known collectively as COPD:

Answer 25

Emphysema

Question 26

A specific type of arteriosclerosis. This type refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaques):

Answer 26

Atherosclerosis Restricts blood flow. These plaques can burst, triggering a blood clot. It can affect arteries anywhere in your body. It is preventable. It is treatable.

Question 27

A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should:

Answer 27

Congestive heart failure Heart failure can occur if the heart cannot pump (systolic) or fill (diastolic) adequately. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs, and rapid heartbeat. Treatments can include eating less salt, limiting fluid intake, and taking prescription medications. In some cases a defibrillator or pacemaker may be implanted.

Question 28

This heart failure may lead to pulmonary congestion or pulmonary edema and decreased cardiac output:

Answer 28

Left sided heart failure. Due to the ineffective left ventricular contraction, the first step is the heart compensates with hypertrophy of the ventricle. Common causes are LT ventricular MI, HTN, aortic or mitral valve stenosis or insufficiency. As the LT ventricle's decreased pumping ability persists, fluid accumulates, backing into the LT atrium, and then into the lungs. Signs/Symptoms: Varies depending on RT or LT sided... - Bibasilar crackles - chronic cough - dyspnea initially on exertion - edema and weight gain - fatigue - muscle weakness - tachycardia

Question 29

To urinate:

Answer 29

Micturate

Question 30

This type of heart failure is most commonly caused by profound backward blood flow:

Answer 30

RT sided heart failure. Results of ineffective right ventricular contraction. May be from right ventricular infarction or pulmonary embolus.

Question 31

Nursing interventions for Heart Failure:

Answer 31

- Place in Fowler's position and give supplemental oxygen. Organize all activity to provide maximum rest periods. - Weigh the patient daily (fluid retention), and check for peripheral edema. Also, monitor IV intake and urine output (especially if on diuretic). - Vitals (increased respiratory and HR and for narrowing pulse pressure) and mental status. Auscultate for abnormal heart and breath sounds. Report any changes. - Frequently monitor blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium levels. - Provide continuous cardiac monitoring during acute and advanced stages to identify and treat arrhythmias promptly. - To prevent DVT from vascular congestion, help the patient with range-of-motion exercises. Apply antiembolism stockings as needed. Check for calf pain and tenderness.

Question 32

What do we call the accumulation of fluid in the extra-vascular spaces of the lung?

Answer 32

Pulmonary edema. Usually occurs due to Lt-sided HF Signs/Symptoms: - Cold, clammy, sweaty skin - Cough - Decreased level of consciousness (LOC) - Dependent crackles / wheezing - Diastolic gallop - Dyspnea on exertion - Frothy, bloody sputum - Hypoxemia - Jugular vein distention - Orthopnea - Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Restlessness and anxiety - Tachycardia - Tachypnea - Thready pulse

Question 33

Attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night:

Answer 33

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening

Question 34

What do we call the condition of shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat?

Answer 34

Orthopnea Causes the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair.

Question 35

Abnormally rapid breathing:

Answer 35

Tachypnea

Question 36

Treatment of pulmonary edema?

Answer 36

- High concentrations of O2 by cannula, face mask and, if necessary, assisted ventilation. - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, inotropic drugs such as digoxin (Lanoxin), antiarrhythmic agents, beta-adrenergic blockers, and humam B-type natriuretic peptide to treat HF - Vasodilator drugs, such as nitroprusside (Nipride) to reduce preload and afterload in acute episodes of pulmonary edema - Morphine to reduce anxiety and dyspnea as well as to dilate the systemic venous bed, promoting blood flow from pulmonary circulation to the periphery.

Question 37

Absent respiration

Answer 37

Apnea

Question 38

What is OSA?

Answer 38

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Those affected have long periods of apnea... leading to possible daytime accidents. Long-term can lead to HTN.

Question 39

Complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of a lung.

Answer 39

Atelectasis SignsSymptoms: Sharp pain w/inhalation Difficulty speaking Feeling of breathlessness. Low BP Rapid pulse Combination indicate possible shock.

Question 40

Air in the thorax:

Answer 40

Tension pneumothorax

Question 41

Procedure where catheter is inserted between ribs to drain air/fluid:

Answer 41

Thoracocentesis

Question 42

?

Answer 42

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 43

?

Answer 43

Ostomy