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Fire Investigator > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Data that are collected based on observation or experience and are capable of being verified.

A

Empirical data

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2
Q

Theory supported by the empirical data that the investigator has collected through observation and then developed into explanations for the event, which are based in the investigators knowledge, training, experience and expertise.

A

Hypothesis

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3
Q

The process by which a person starts from a particular experience and proceeds to generalizations. Also, the process by which hypothesis are developed.

A

Inductive reasoning

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4
Q

Establishes guidelines and recommendations for the safe and systemic investigation or analysis of fire and explosion incidents

A

NFPA 921

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5
Q

Standard designed to establish minimum JPRs for service as a fire investigator.

A

NFPA 1033

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6
Q

AHJ

A

Authority having jurisdiction

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7
Q

The process of determining the origin cause and development of a fire or explosion.

A

Fire investigation

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8
Q

The use of a person’s thinking skills and judgement in order to evaluate the empirical data and challenge the conclusions of the final hypothesis

A

Cognitive testing

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9
Q

The process by which conclusions are drawn by logical inference from given premises.

A

Deductive reasoning

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10
Q

Preconceived determination or premature conclusions as to what the cause of the fire was.

A

Expectation bias

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11
Q

The systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formation and testing of hypothesis

A

Scientific method

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12
Q

The process of air or gases being drawn into a fire, plume or jet

A

Air entrainment

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13
Q

The lowest temperature at which a gas-air mixture will ignite in the absence of an ignition source.

A

Autoignition Temperature (AIT)

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14
Q

A relatively thin layer of flowing hot gases that develops under a horizontal surface as a result of plume impingement and the flowing of gas being forced to move horizontally

A

Ceiling jet

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15
Q

A fire effect that appears on noncombustible surfaces after any combustible layers (such as soot, paint and paper) have been burned away. The effect may also appear where soot was not deposited due to high surface temperatures

A

Clean burn

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16
Q

A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flames.

A

Combustion

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17
Q

Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact.

A

Conduction

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18
Q

Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or liquid.

A

Convection

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19
Q

A flame in which the fuel and air mix or diffuse together at the region of combustion.

A

Diffusion flame burning

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20
Q

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

A

Exothermic reaction

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21
Q

The detailed study of how chemistry, fire science, and the engineering disciplines of fluid mechanics and heat transfer interact to influence fire behavior.

A

Fire dynamics

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22
Q

The temperature to which a liquid must be heated to sustain burning after the removal of an ignition source.

A

Fire point

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23
Q

The lowest temperature at which a liquid produces a flammable vapor.

A

Flashpoint

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24
Q

Transition stage of a fire which convections and radiated heat energy impinge on the other combustible items within the room, producing fire gases. These items then ignite nearly at the same time, causing full room involvement.

A

Flashover

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25
Q

Any substance that can undergo combustion.

A

Fuel

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26
Q

When the size of the fire is controlled by how much fuel is burning.

A

Fuel-controlled burn

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27
Q

Any article that is capable of burning.

A

Fuel item

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28
Q

The amount of fuel present.

A

Fuel load

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29
Q

A collection or array of fuel items in close proximity with one another such that flames can spread throughout the array of fuel items.

A

Fuel package

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30
Q

A collection or array of fuel items in close proximity with one another such that flames can spread throughout the array of fuel items.

A

Fuel package

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31
Q

A form of energy measured in joules

A

Heat

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32
Q

A measure of energy required to raise the temperature of an object one degree of a unit of mass.

A

Heat capacity

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33
Q

The measurement of the rate of heat transfer to a surface.

A

Heat flux

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34
Q

The energy being released by the individual fuels being consumed, measured in either watts or kilowatts.

A

Heat release rate (HRR)

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35
Q

The transport of heat energy from one point to another caused by a temperature difference between those points.

A

Heat transfer

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36
Q

The line where the flow of hot gas and cooler air changes.

A

Neutral plane

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37
Q

A substance that promotes oxidation during the combustion process.

A

Oxidizing agent

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38
Q

The conversion of a material from one state of matter to another that is reversible and does not change the chemical composition of the material.

A

Phase change

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39
Q

The column of hot gases, flames and smoke rising above a fire.

A

Plume

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40
Q

A flame where the fuel and oxidizer are mixed prior to combustion.

A

Pre-mixed burn

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41
Q

Process in which something is heated, causing the material to decay and produce fire gases.

A

Pyrolysis

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42
Q

The combined process of emission, transmission, and absorption of energy traveling by electromagnetic wave propagation between a region of higher temperature and a region of lower temperature.

A

Radiation

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43
Q

A concentration that exist above the LEL and below the UEL.

A

Stoichiometric ratio

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44
Q

A measurement of the amount of molecular activity when compared with a reference or standard.

A

Temperature

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45
Q

The measure of heat that could travel across an area with a temperature gradient expressed as one degree per unit of length (W/m K).

A

Thermal conductivity

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46
Q

An irreversible change in chemical composition as a result of pyrolysis.

A

Thermal decomposition

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47
Q

Those properties of the material that characterize its rate of surface temperature rise when exposed to heat. It is the product of the thermal conductivity, the density, and heat capacity.

A

Thermal inertia

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48
Q

Condition in which the heat generated exceeds the amount of heat loss within the material.

A

Thermal runaway

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49
Q

One of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. This element provides for the combustion and interaction of the other elements.

A

Uninhibited chemical chain reaction

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50
Q

The process of producing ignitable vapors from a liquid.

A

Vaporization

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51
Q

A fire pattern that indicates fire direction on wood wall studs. It leans toward the direction of travel.

A

Beveling

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52
Q

Process in which chemically bound water is driven out of gypsum by the heat of the fire.

A

Calcination

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53
Q

Carbonaceous material that has been burned or pyrolyzed and has a blackened appearance.

A

Char

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54
Q

A complicated pattern of short cracks in glass that can be either straight or crescent shaped and can extend through the entire thickness of the glass.

A

Crazing

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55
Q

The observable or measurable changes in or on a material as a result of exposure to the fire.

A

Fire effects

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56
Q

The visible or measurable changes or identifiable shapes formed by a fire effect or group of fire effects.

A

Fire pattern

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57
Q

The process of identifying and interpreting fire patterns to determine how the patterns were created and their significance.

A

Fire pattern analysis

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58
Q

A discontinuous pattern on a surface that indicates an interruption of heat transfer.

A

Heat shadowing

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59
Q

A physical change from solid to liquid caused by exposure to heat.

A

Melting

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60
Q

The basic chemical process associated with combustion.

A

Oxidation

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61
Q

A diffraction pattern formed when hydrocarbons float on a surface.

A

Rainbow effect

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62
Q

Hot products of combustion; condensates.

A

Smoke deposits

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63
Q

The chipping and putting of concrete or masonry surfaces.

A

Spalling

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64
Q

Flammable liquid flash point

A

Below 100 degrees

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65
Q

Combustible liquid flash point

A

Above 100 degrees

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66
Q

Fire resistive Non-combustible (commonly found in high-rise buildings and Group I occupancies)

A

Type I-A

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67
Q

3 Hr. Exterior walls
3 Hr. Structural frame
2 Hr. Floor/ceiling assembly
1 1/2 Hr. Roof protection

A

Type I-A Fire Resistive

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68
Q

Fire resistive Non-combustible (commonly found in mid-rise office & Group R buildings)

A

Type I-B

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69
Q

2 Hr. Exterior walls
2 Hr. Structural frame
2 Hr. Ceiling/floor separation
1 Hr. Ceiling/roof assembly

A

Type I-B Fire resistive

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70
Q

Protected Non-combustible (commonly found in newer school buildings)

A

Type II-A

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71
Q

1 Hr. Exterior walls
1 Hr. Structural frame
1 Hr. Floor/ceiling/roof protection

A

Type II-A Non-combustible

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72
Q

Unprotected Non-combustible (most common type of non-combustible construction used in commercial buildings). Building constructed of non-combustible materials but these materials have no fire resistance

A

Type II-B

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73
Q

Protected combustible (also known as “ordinary” construction has brick or block walls and a wooden roof or floor assembly which is 1 hour fire protected

A

Type III-A

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74
Q

2 Hr. Exterior walls
1 Hr. Structural frame
1 Hr. Floor/ceiling/roof protection

A

Type III-A Ordinary Construction

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75
Q

Unprotected combustible (also know as “ordinary” construction; has brick or block walls with a wooden roof or floor assembly which is not protected against fire. These buildings are frequently found in “warehouse” districts of older cities.)

A

Type III-B

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76
Q

2 Hr. Exterior walls

No fire resistance for structural frame, floors, ceilings or roofs

A

Type III-B

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77
Q

Heavy Timber (also known as “mill” construction; to qualify all wooden members must have a minimum nominal dimension of 6-8 inches.)

A

Type IV

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78
Q

2 Hr. Exterior walls
1 Hr. Structural frame or Heavy Timber
Heavy Timber Floor/ceiling/Roof Assemblies

A

Type IV Heavy Timber

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79
Q

Protected Wood Frame (commonly used in the construction of newer apartment buildings; there is no exposed wood visible.)

A

Type V-A

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80
Q

1 Hr. Exterior walls
1 Hr. Structural frame
1 Hr. Floor/Ceiling/Roof

A

Type V-A Wood-Frame

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81
Q

Unprotected Wood Frame (examples of Type V-N construction are single family homes and garages. They often have exposed wood so there is no fire resistance.)

A

Type V-B

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82
Q

Efforts should be made to determine that witness statements are ____ and ____

A

Accurate; reliable

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83
Q

An ____ is a complete list of all items of evidence recovered from a fire scene

A

Evidence log

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84
Q

The exposure to flame and intense heat begins to oxidize soot deposits, paint and even the charred paper of wallboard, consuming the carbon present is referred to as ____

A

Clean burn

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85
Q

The demarcation in these areas can guide investigators in determining fire spread; may indicate areas of high heat and do not necessarily represent the origin of the fire

A

Clean burn

86
Q

Can be used to spread the fire from one area to another and can be liquid or solid

A

Trailers

87
Q

Evidence can be collected and/or submitted in ____, ____ or ____ bags made for the containment of evidence

A

Unlined metal cans, glass jars; specialized bags

88
Q

Is incomplete combustion and is combustible

A

Smoke

89
Q

A rapid oxidation process, a chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities

A

Fire

90
Q

A fire in an area of ____ will burn faster

A

Concentrations of oxygen

91
Q

Although hazardous materials are present at both residential and commercial structures; they are usually more dangerous in locations such as ____

A

Residences

92
Q

Final sketches should always include the north directional arrow and ____

A

Not to scale

93
Q

If the ____ is broken, it cannot be restored and the collected evidence is valueless

A

Chain of custody

94
Q

You have to be able to determine the ____ before you can determine the ____

A

Origin of the fire; cause

95
Q

Heat energy naturally move from areas of higher temperature to lower temperature through a process known as ____

A

Heat transfer

96
Q

The rate of transfer increases when the differences between objects is greater

A

Heat flux

97
Q

Heat flux is commonly expressed as ____

A

Kilowatts per square meters

98
Q

A measurement of the amount of molecular activity when compared with a reference or standard

A

Temperature

99
Q

Refers to a form of energy

A

Heat

100
Q

Occurs when solid objects are heated and energy is transferred from hotter to cooler areas through direct contact

A

Conduction

101
Q

The measure of heat that could travel across an area with a temperature gradient, is expressed as one degree per unit of length

A

Thermal conductivity

102
Q

A measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of an object one degree of a unit of mass

A

Heat capacity

103
Q

When heat is absorbed from heated gases or liquids by cooler objects or materials

A

Convection

104
Q

Convection may occur by one of two mechanisms ____ or ____

A

Natural; forced

105
Q

The transfer of heat via electromagnetic waves is defined as

A

Radiation

106
Q

The primary types of heat transfer are ____

A

Conduction, convection, radiation

107
Q

Fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles.

A

Class A

108
Q

Fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.

A

Class B

109
Q

Fires involving anything with power; electricity.

A

Class C

110
Q

Fires involving metals.

A

Class D

111
Q

Kitchen fires are class ____

A

K

112
Q

When attempting to preserve organic evidence from a fire scene, you should allow the material to ____

A

Air dry at room temperature

113
Q

When attempting to preserve organic evidence from a fire scene, you should package in a ____

A

Clean proper container

114
Q

When attempting to preserve organic evidence from a fire scene, you should store in a ____, ____ and ____

A

Dry, cool; secure location

115
Q

While on scene fighting the fire, a firefighter can seize evidence without consent or a warrant known as ____

A

Exigent circumstance

116
Q

The US Supreme Court decisions in Michigan v Tyler and Michigan v Clifford outline the scope of a fire investigator’s right to entry under this rule

A

Exigent circumstance

117
Q

Most contamination of physical evidence occurs during

A

The collection process

118
Q

A ____ must be discarded if it can’t be proven

A

Hypothesis

119
Q

An ____ should provide information that will help the judge and jury understand the facts of the case

A

Expert witness

120
Q

An expert witness must be accepted for each ____

A

Separate trial

121
Q

An expert witness must possess ____, ____ and ____ in the area of expertise

A

Special knowledge, training; experience

122
Q

An expert witness is allowed to offer ____

A

Opinions

123
Q

An expert witness is allowed to remain in the courtroom during ____

A

The entire proceeding

124
Q

Even though an expert witness is allowed to share opinions; opinions should be ____ and ____

A

Relevant; scientifically based

125
Q

A fact witness (lay witness) provides fact testimony (lay testimony) and is not allowed to ____

A

Share opinions

126
Q

Per NFPA 921, a ____ is a systematic approach beginning from the exterior to the interior

A

Fire investigation

127
Q

NFPA ____ is the standard for Fire Investigator Professional Qualifications

A

1033

128
Q

Generally a function of an engineering examination performed in a laboratory

A

Comparative examination

129
Q

The explanation of differences and the explanation of similarities is ____

A

Comparative analysis

130
Q

Per IFSTA and Kirk’s Fire Investigation books, ____ is the most common motive for Arson Fires

A

Spite/Revenge

131
Q

The four stages of fire are

A

Incipient, Growth, Fully developed and Decay

132
Q

During the interview, the person being interviewed can ____

A

Leave at any time

133
Q

During the interview, the most effective approach is to ____ and ____

A

Ask open-ended questions; the questions should be developed ahead of time

134
Q

During the interview, one person should ask all of the questions and then allow ____

A

The other investigator to ask questions before concluding

135
Q

Anything that a witness tells you that he/she was able to see is referred to as ____

A

Witness viewpoint

136
Q

During the interview, the investigator should try to anticipate what the person being interviewed is ____

A

About to say

137
Q

Interviews should be conducted in ____

A

Private locations

138
Q

During the interview, the investigator should ____ and ____

A

Maintain eye contact; actively listen

139
Q

May be analyzed by Prosecutors, Defense Attorneys, Judges or others

A

Interview transcripts or notes

140
Q

The Investigator should be able to see the ____ in order to observe ____

A

Interviewee’s entire body; body language

141
Q

More accusatory in nature and the person being interrogated is not free to leave whenever they wish

A

Interrogations

142
Q

____ contains the constitutional “right to counsel” which is also part of the protections afforded under the ____

A

Sixth Amendment; Miranda Rule

143
Q

The four components of the Miranda Rules are____

A
  1. The right to remain silent and refuse to give a statement
  2. The warning that any statement made can later be used as evidence against the witness
  3. The right to have an attorney present to represent the witness during questioning
  4. The right to have an attorney provided free of charge, before any questioning begins, if the person cannot afford to hire an attorney
144
Q

Interviews and Link Analysis will help develop

A

New leads

145
Q

Items of evidence corresponding to the evidence log can be ____, ____ or ____

A

packaged, labeled; tagged

146
Q

Follow department policies and procedures when collecting ____

A

Physical evidence

147
Q

Items collected from a ____ is usually beyond the scope of a fire investigator’s authority

A

Deceased victim

148
Q

Gloves used to collect evidence should be marked the same as the ____ and ____

A

Evidence; photographed

149
Q

Many fire injuries or deaths are connected to other crimes and must be investigated jointly by ____ and ____

A

The fire investigator; other agencies

150
Q

Evidence, such as body fluids and fingerprints, collected from a victim following a fatal fire should be collected by ____

A

Technical experts

151
Q

An insurance company has to release items of information upon written request from an appropriate agency per the ____. The request should be written to avoid the appearance of ____

A

Arson Immunity Act; corroboration

152
Q

Creates and increases the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere

A

The concentration of vapors

153
Q

Formal drawings that are completed after the investigation

A

Diagrams

154
Q

Generally freehand diagrams or diagrams drawn with minimal tools that are completed at the scene

A

Sketches

155
Q

Where would you get a drawing of topographical plans

A

Surveyor

156
Q

Where would you get a drawing of site plans

A

Civil engineer

157
Q

Where would you get a drawing for floor plans

A

Architect

158
Q

Where would you get a drawing of electrical diagrams

A

Electrical engineer

159
Q

In all fire cases, a minimum of a ____ drawing should be done

A

Simple sketch drawing

160
Q

Photographs, audio tape recordings, video tape recordings, notes and/or sketches can all be used to ____

A

Properly record a scene

161
Q

____ can be recovered by absorbing them with sterile medical dressings, lime dirt or flour

A

Traces of suspected liquid accelerants

162
Q

Do not use scented items such as ____

A

Laundry detergent

163
Q

The importance of ____ cannot be overemphasised

A

Chain of custody

164
Q

Melting temperature for copper

A

1981

165
Q

Melting temperature for aluminum

A

1220

166
Q

Melting temperature for gold

A

1945

167
Q

Melting temperature for silver

A

1760

168
Q

Melting temperature for lead

A

621

169
Q

In fire related deaths, the establishment of the manner and cause of death is the responsibility of the ____ or ____

A

Coroner; medical examiner

170
Q

The preservation of evidence at the fire scene should begin with the ____

A

First arriving fire units and/or police authorities

171
Q

____, ____, ____, as well as ____ can be used to create a physical barrier which can provide a starting place for the scene search and does provide some recognized scene security

A

Rope, traffic cones, barricades; barrier tape

172
Q

Fire causes should only be classified as ____, ____, ____ or ____

A

Accidental, natural, incendiary; undetermined

173
Q

The four interview procedures are ____

A
  1. Plan the interview
  2. Conduct the interview
  3. Document the interview
  4. Evaluate interview info
174
Q

The main purpose of photographing a scene is to ____

A

Support and document the investigator’s findings

175
Q

An interview becomes an interrogation when ____

A

It becomes accusatory

176
Q

____ liquids should be documented as ignitable liquids

A

Flammable/combustible

177
Q

The ratio of the average molecular weight of a given volume of gas or vapor to that of air at the same temperature and pressure and is also referred to specific gravity

A

Vapor density

178
Q

Vapor density effects are greatest in ____

A

Still air conditions

179
Q

The vapor density of the ____ or ____ may affect the movement of the fugitive gas as it escapes from its container or system

A

Gas; vapor

180
Q

Back draft is a ____

A

Smoke explosion

181
Q

Evidence that is destroyed, damaged, altered or otherwise not preserved

A

Spoliation of Evidence

182
Q

Loss, destruction or material alteration of an object or document that is evidence or potential evidence in a legal proceeding by the one who has the responsibility for its preservation

A

Spoliation

183
Q

Digital photography is recognized method of photography to most ____

A

Courts of Law

184
Q

When using film photography, color film is the best choice because ____ is lost in black and white film and the photos contain less information

A

Subtle coloring of burn patterns

185
Q

When flame, heat and smoke impinge on an object or surface; creates/produces a border between affected and less affected areas of the object or surface

A

Line of demarcation

186
Q

____ should only be worn by those who have been trained to use it

A

Special protective equipment

187
Q

Components of a risk management plan

A
  1. Risk Identification
  2. Risk Evaluation
  3. Risk Control
  4. Risk Management
188
Q

____ starts with the first arriving units on the scene

A

Preservation of evidence

189
Q

The fire tetrahedron consists of ____

A

Heat, fuel, oxygen and the uninhibited chemical chain reaction

190
Q

A fire scene should be worked by ____ and ____

A

The investigator; one other person

191
Q

Fact testimony is also referred to ____

A

Lay testimony

192
Q

____ is restricted only to facts observed

A

Fact testimony (aka lay testimony)

193
Q

____ must be certified in each case and can offer opinions with their testimony

A

Expert witness

194
Q

One purpose of ____ is so the investigator can make a more accurate origin analysis

A

Fire scene reconstruction

195
Q

Can be found in a variety of places including from the manufacturer, the facility hazard plan and the local emergency planning committee and sometimes with the shipping papers but never in a ERG

A

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) aka Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

196
Q

An abnormal connection of low resistance between normal circuit conductors where the resistance is normally much greater is called a ____

A

Short circuit

197
Q

____ are to Canada what ____ are to the United States

A

Dangerous Goods; UN Classes of Hazardous Materials

198
Q

The perfect combustion condition is referred to ____

A

Stochiometric ratio

199
Q

The stochiometric ratio is a concentration that exists above the ____ and below the ____

A

Lower explosive limit; upper explosive limit

200
Q

The most common hazard associated with cooking equipment as well as portable heating equipment is ____

A

The potential for ignition of nearby combustibles

201
Q

15 amp = ____ awg

A

14

202
Q

20 amp = ____ awg

A

12

203
Q

30 amp = ____ awg

A

10

204
Q

40 amp = ____ awg

A

8

205
Q

50 amp = ____ awg

A

6

206
Q

A basic knowledge of ____ is necessary for an investigator to help recognize when fires progress in abnormal or unusual patterns

A

Fire behavior

207
Q

NFPA ____ should be used as reference material when conducting a fire investigation

A

921

208
Q

There are ____ burn patterns discussed in NFPA 921 (V-pattern, Inverted V-pattern, spalling, saddle burn, etc.,)

A

78

209
Q

Fires usually burn ____ and ____. Fires can burn ____ but when they do, they are following a fuel load

A

Upward, outward; downward

210
Q

Field notes are subject to ____

A

Subpoena

Fire Investigator (3 decks)

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