Miscellaneous

Question 1

What is hereditary angioedema?

Answer 1

is an autosomal dominant condition associated with low plasma
levels of the C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) protein. C1-INH is a multifunctional serine protease inhibitor - the
probable mechanism behind attacks is uncontrolled release of bradykinin resulting in edema of tissues

Question 2

What are the investigations for hereditary angioedema?

Answer 2

C1-INH level is low during an attack

low C2 and C4 levels are seen, even between attacks. Serum C4 is the most reliable and widely used screening tool

Question 3

What are the symptoms of herditary angioedema?

Answer 3

attacks may be proceeded by painful macular rash
painless, non-pruritic swelling of subcutaneous/submucosal tissues
may affect upper airways, skin or abdominal organs (can occasionally present as abdominal pain due to visceral oedema)
urticaria is not usually a feature

Question 4

What is the treatment for hereditary angioedema?

Answer 4

Acute: IV C1-inhibitor concentrate or FFP

• Anabolic steroid; Danazol may help

Question 5

Tumour markers:

CA 125

Answer 5

ovarian cancer

Question 6

Tumour markers:

ca 19-9

Answer 6

Pancreatic cancer

Question 7

Tumour Markers;

CA 15-3

Answer 7

Breast Ca

Question 8

Tumour markers

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Answer 8

Prostate ca

Question 9

Tumour markers:

α -feto protein (AFP)

Answer 9

hepatocellular carcinoma, teratoma

Question 10

Tumour markers:
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Answer 10

Colon ca

Question 11

describe:
• Autograft
• Isograft: 
• Allograft: 
• Xenograft: 
• Orthotopic transplant:
• Heterotropic transplant:

Answer 11

• Autograft: when the same individual acts as donor and recipient
• Isograft: when donor and recipient are genetically identical
• Allograft: when donor and recipient are genetically dissimilar but belong to same species
• Xenograft: when donor and recipient belong to different species
• Orthotopic transplant: when the transplanted part is placed in its normal anatomical location
• Heterotropic transplant: when the transplanted part is placed in different anatomical location