Miscellaneous

Question 1

Conditions which benefit from airway clearance techniques

Answer 1

CF

Probable benefit:
Neuromuscular disease
CP
Atelectasis in mechanical ventilation

Question 2

Most common chest wall anomaly

Answer 2

Pectus excavatum (90%)

Question 3

Pectus excavatum
Associated syndromes 
ECG findings 
CHD
PFT

Answer 3

Marfan & Ehlers-Danlos
9:1 male
W-P-W
MV prolapse 
Obstructive > restrictive

Question 4

Pectus carinatum
Cardiac & skeletal associations
PFT

Answer 4

MV disease and CoA
Scoliosis
PFT normal in most; restrictive or obstructive

Question 5

Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
Inheritance pattern
Associations
Prognosis

Answer 5

AR
Constricted & narrow chest
Progressive renal disease
Liver, neuro, pancreatic, retinal abnormalities
Usually die infancy respiratory infection

Question 6

Achondroplasia
Inheritance
Mutation to ___ in 95%
Three phenotypes:

Answer 6

Disproportionate short stature
Autosomal dominance
FGFR3

1) adenotonsillar hypertrophy
2) muscular upper airway obstruction & progressive hydrocephalus
3) upper airway obstruction without hydrocephalus

Question 7

Achondroplasia

PFT

Answer 7

Reduced vital capacity

Question 8

Kyphoscoliosis

Angle of scoliosis deformity correlates with what

LFT parameters

Cardiopulmonary function

Effect on chest wall compliance

Answer 8

Decreased vital capacity
FEV1

Work capacity & oxygen consumption
Diffusion capacity

Reduced compliance

Question 9

Proportion of snoring affected by OSA

Level of upper airway collapse

Size of adenotonsillar tissue increases up to age ….

Answer 9

27%

At adenotonsillar tissue

12 years

Question 10

Lung embryology

Embryonic
Describe

Pseudoglandular
Describe
Weeks

Answer 10

Lung bud grows from fetal foregut
Single tube branches into two main bronchi

6-16w
Airways grow by branching 
Cartilage and lymphatics appear
Cilia
Pulmonary circulation, arteries from 6th branchial arch

Question 11

Lung embryology

Two final stages
Describe
Weeks

Answer 11

Canalicular
17-24th
Conventional architecture 
Thinning of distal cells for gas exchange 
Venous system 
Surfactant synthesis 
Lungs fill with fluid 

Alveolar sac
24-40th
Formation of acinus: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Cell differentiation type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

Question 12

Surfactant-associated proteins __ and __ important for surface tension

Answer 12

B and C

Hydrophobic

Question 13

Post natally lung growth and development continues for ___ years

Answer 13

7 years

Oxygen toxicity
Early infection
Pressure effects

Influence development

Question 14

Choanal atresia

Failure of breakdown of ____ membrane

Bilateral presents __ associated ____ anomalies

Answer 14

Buconasal

At birth- good sats when crying, poor sats when settled

Cardiac

Question 15

When are frontal sinuses aerated

Sinusitis presents as

Associated with what two conditions

Answer 15

3-5 years

CF and humoral immunodeficiency

Headache facial pain worse with coughing and bending down, nasal congestion, concentration issues