Miscellaneous Flashcards
Primary emotions Stigma
Who devised basic emotions universal in all humans? When?
Paul Ekman 1972
What primary emotions did Paul Ekman devise?
Happiness
Fear
Disgust
Sadness
Anger
Surprise
What is discredited and discreditable stigma?
What is the difference between the two?
The discredited are individuals who have a stigma that is predominantly visible such as race/ethnicity, gender, or physical disability. In contrast, the discreditable are individuals who have a stigma that is predominantly concealable such as mental illness, HIV infection, or sexual minority status. Thus, these terms refer to the visual conspicuousness of the stigmatized attribute.
What is felt stigma?
Shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them from seeking help
What is enacted stigma?
experience of unfair treatment by others
What is courtesy stigma
stigma that attaches to those who are merely associated with a stigmatised person
For instance, a family member of someone with a substance use disorder may face judgments and negative attitudes from others because of their association with the person
Who introduced the concept of the sick role?
Talcott Parsons
Who coined the term illness behaviour and when
Mechanic and Volkart in 1961
What are the conceptual rules of the sick role?
- the sick person is exempt from the normal social roles that they take for the duration of the illness. This exemption is legitimised by society as represented by the physician. Normal role performance and responsibilities are suspended so that the ill person can get well. The strength of the exemption varies directly with the severity of the illness.
- Sick persons are not responsible for their illnesses. The illness is beyond personal control. A curative process outside the person is required to restore wellness.
- The sick person has the duty to try to get well. Sickness is societally undesirable and thus society places the obligation to get well on the patient, with the help of the doctor, of course.
- The sick person must seek competent technical help and co-operate with that caregiver.
What are secondary gains of illness?
Care, reduced responsibilities and attention received due to illness
What is Ribot’s law?
That older memories are more preserved than recent ones
What area of the brain is commonly affected in anterograde amnesia?
Hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe structures
When was the Holmes Rahe stress scale devised?
1967
What is the Holmes Rahe stress scale also known as?
social readjustment rating scale
What is the most stressful life event by Holmes and Rahe?
Death of a spouse
What is the second most stressful event according to Holmes and Rahe?
divorce
Who devised ideas about temperament?
Thomas and Chess
What are the 3 types of children in terms of temperament and their prevalence?
Easy child 40%
Difficult child 10%
Slow to warm up child 15%
What is goodness to fit?
compatibility between environment and a child’s temperament.
What is poorness of fit?
when temperament is not respected and accommodated
What traits/aspects of behaviour were assessed by Thomas and Chess?
Activity Level: The child’s general energy and movement.
Rhythmicity: Regularity of biological functions like sleep and hunger.
Approach/Withdrawal: Initial response to new stimuli or situations.
Adaptability: Ease of adjusting to changes or new experiences.
Threshold of Responsiveness: Sensitivity to sensory inputs.
Intensity of Reaction: Energy level of responses.
Quality of Mood: General tendency towards a positive or negative outlook.
Distractibility: Susceptibility to being side-tracked by external stimuli.
Attention Span/Persistence: Duration of focus and perseverance on tasks.
