misc knowledge

Question 1

Becks triad

Answer 1

indicates cardiac tamponade
1-decreased BP
2- distended neck veins
3- muffled heart sounds

Question 2

Cushing’s triad

Answer 2

indicates ICP
1- Hypertension
2- bradycardia
3- irregular respirations

Question 3

8 D’s of stroke

Answer 3

detection
dispatch
delivery
door
data
decision
drug/device
disposition

Question 4

apneic

Answer 4

not breathing

Question 5

rhinorrhea

Answer 5

condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid. The condition, commonly known as a runny nose, occurs relatively frequently. Rhinorrhea is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain diseases, such as the common cold.

Question 6

Hypoxemia

Answer 6

abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood. Hypoxemia has many causes, often respiratory disorders, and can cause tissue hypoxia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the body.

Question 7

dyspnea

Answer 7

difficult or labored breathing.

Question 8

eupnea

Answer 8

normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate.

Question 9

anasarca

Answer 9

medical condition in which the whole body swells up. This is due to accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space (1). In general, doctors call it in different names such as generalized edema, massive edema or dropsy (2). The rapid gain of weight due to bloating …

Question 10

dystonic

Answer 10

neurological movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures. The movements may resemble a tremor.

Question 11

Trousseau’s sign

Answer 11

An indication of latent tetany in which carpal spasm occurs when the upper arm is compressed, as by a tourniquet or a blood pressure cuff. Trousseau sign of latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium.

Question 12

tetany

Answer 12

a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, most often in the hands and feet, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium. Tetany is a state of hyperexcitability of the central and peripheral nervous systems that results from abnormally reduced concentrations of ions (i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+, or H+ [alkalosis]) in the fluid bathing nerve cells

Question 13

pneumotaxic center

Answer 13

a neural center in the upper part of the pons that provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents overdistension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration.
The pneumotaxic center is considered an antagonist to the apneustic center, (which produces abnormal breathing during inhalation) cyclically inhibiting inhalation.

Question 14

apneustic center

Answer 14

The apneustic center of pons sends signals to the dorsal respiratory center in the medulla to delay the ‘switch off’ signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic center of pons. It controls the intensity of breathing. The apneustic center is inhibited by pulmonary stretch receptors.

Question 15

perioral cyanosis

Answer 15

perioral=of, relating to, occurring in, or being the tissues around the mouth.
Cyanosis=a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

Question 16

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

Answer 16

(CNH) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep and rapid breaths at a rate of at least 25 breaths per minute. Increasing irregularity of this respiratory rate generally is a sign that the patient will enter into coma. CNH is the human body’s response to reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Diagnostic criteria for CNH are hyperventilation that persists during sleep, low arterial PaCO2, high arterial PaO2, and high arterial pH in the absence of drug or metabolic causes.

Question 17

venous capacitance

Answer 17

The measure of a BLOOD VESSEL’s ability to increase the volume of BLOOD it holds without a large increase in BLOOD PRESSURE. The vascular capacitance is equal to the change in volume divided by the change in pressure.

Question 18

Digitalis toxicity

Answer 18

Digitalis commonly prescribed for CHF, A-fib, or A-flutter. Positive inotropic effects increase cardiac contractility and maintain cardiac output while negative chronotropic effects control ventricular rate. has a narrow therapeutic index between therapeutic and toxic dose These symptoms include fatigue, malaise, and visual disturbances. The classic features of digoxin toxicity are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, delirium, vision disturbance (blurred or yellow vision).

Question 19

starling effect

Answer 19

the strength of the heart’s systolic contraction is directly proportional to its diastolic expansion with the result that under normal physiological conditions the heart pumps out of the right atrium all the blood returned to it without letting any back up in the veins

Question 20

Why to not give Nitro/morphine to inferior MI

Answer 20

Inferior MI/right coronary blockage typically will cause hypotension. Use of vasodialators will exacerbate hypotension.

Question 21

Pickwickian syndrome

Answer 21

(also known as Obesity hypoventilation syndrome) is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly enough or deeply enough, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels.

Question 22

atelectasis

Answer 22

the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It may affect part or all of a lung. It is usually unilateral. It is a condition where the alveoli are deflated down to little or no volume, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation, in which they are filled with liquid.

Question 23

Bronchiolitis

Answer 23

a common lung infection in young children and infants. It causes inflammation and congestion in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lung. Bronchiolitis is almost always caused by a virus. It usually only occurs in children less than two years of age. Symptoms may include fever, cough, runny nose, wheezing, and breathing problems.

Question 24

Encephalopathy

Answer 24

Encephalopathy is a difficult term because it can be used to denote either a disease or finding (i.e., an observable sign in a patient). Encephalopathy is a broad term used to describe abnormal brain function or brain structure. (Encephalo= brain + pathy= disorder). The abnormality may be transient, recurrent, or permanent. The loss of brain function may be reversible, static and stable, or progressive with increasing loss of brain activity over time.

Question 25

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

Answer 25

also known as extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE), are drug-induced movement disorders that include acute and tardive symptoms. These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements). Antipsychotics are often discontinued due to inefficacy and intolerable side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms.

Question 26

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 26

a disorder that results in involuntary, repetitive body movements. This may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking of the lips. Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medications.

Question 27

Parkland formula

Answer 27

4 mL x body weight in kg x % of body surface burned = fluid in first 24 hours.
Half that fluid should be in first 8 hours.

Question 28

APGAR

Answer 28

Appearance (skin color), pulse (< or > 100), grimace, activity, respiration. Taken at delivery, 1 minute, and 5 minute intervals. scores above 7 are generally normal.

Question 29

MAP calculation

Answer 29

double the diastolic blood pressure and add the sum to the systolic blood pressure. Then divide by 3.
or
calculate the pulse pressure (subtract the DBP from the SBP) and divide that by 3, then add the DBP

Question 30

Estimating a childs wieght

Answer 30

(age x 2) + 8 = weight in kg

Question 31

pulsus paradoxis

Answer 31

BP drops more than 10 mmHg during inhalation

Question 32

7 major functions of a cell

Answer 32

movement
conductivity
secretion
excretion
metabolic absorption
respiration (Krebs cycle)
reproduction