Misc info

Question 1

Name the three primary cerebral vesicles and what they become:

Answer 1

Prosencephalon: forebrain
Mesencephalon: midbrain
Rhombencephalon: hindbrain

Question 2

What are the secondary cerebral vesicles formed by the prosencephalon and what do they become?

Answer 2

Paired telencephalic vesicles: cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalic vesicle: thalamic structures, 3rd vesicle

Question 3

What are the secondary cerebral vesicles formed by the rhombencephalon and what do they become?

Answer 3

Metencephalon: pons & cerebellum
Myelencephalon: medulla

Question 4

What is the 4th ventricle derived from?

Answer 4

lumen of entire rhombencephalon

Question 5

What is the pons derived from?

Answer 5

Metencephalon

Question 6

What is the 3rd ventricle derived from?

Answer 6

Diencephalon

Question 7

What are the cerebral hemispheres derived from?

Answer 7

Telencephalon

Question 8

What is the midbrain derived from?

Answer 8

Mesencephalon

Question 9

What are the thalamic structures derived from?

Answer 9

Diencephalon

Question 10

What is the medulla derived from?

Answer 10

Myelencephalon

Question 11

What cells does the neural crest give rise to?

Answer 11

Schwaan cells & peripheral neurons

Question 12

What cells does the mesoderm give rise to?

Answer 12

Microglia

Question 13

What cells does the neuroectoderm give rise to?

Answer 13

CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes & astrocytes

Question 14

What is the Nissl body equivalent to?

Answer 14

Rough ER (protein synthesis)

Question 15

Where does reabsorption of the CSF occur?

Answer 15

Dural sinuses

Question 16

Which NT initiates voluntary movement?

Answer 16

Dopamine

Question 17

What secretes sonic hedgehog (SHH)?

Answer 17

Notochord

Question 18

Which genes regulate transcription of genes that code for the vertebral column during embryogenesis?

Answer 18

Hox

Question 19

Which genes determine pattern of vertebral segments and rostral caudal patterning?

Answer 19

Homeobox genes

Question 20

Which gene determines dorsal ventral patterning which gives rise to distinct cell populations (sensory, motor)?

Answer 20

SHH

Question 21

What structure differentiates into the sensory portion of the spinal cord, and receives input from its corresponding dermatome?

Answer 21

Alar plate

Question 22

What structure differentiates into the motor portion of the spinal cord?

Answer 22

Basal plate

Question 23

What structure separates into the alar and basal plates?

Answer 23

Sulcus limitans

Question 24

What does the lumen of the telencephalon become?

Answer 24

4th ventricle and choroid plexus

Question 25

During S phase, are cells located superficial or deep?

Answer 25

Superficial (closest to pia mater)

Question 26

During M phase, are cells located superficial or deep?

Answer 26

Deep, detached from superficial surface

Question 27

What is the secondary zone of neurogenesis called which gives rise to granular progenitor cells which migrate to the cerebellum?

Answer 27

The External Granular Layer (EGL)

Question 28

In what stage of the cell cycle do cells migrate from the ventricular zone to a secondary site of neurogenesis?

Answer 28

Before exiting mitotic phase

Question 29

Where does neurogenesis occur in the adult?

Answer 29

Dentate gyrus and subventricular zone

Question 30

In the cortex, the first neurons to become postmitotic and leave secondary zone of neurogenesis form what structure?

Answer 30

Preplate (PP)

Question 31

the dentate gyrus is the secondary site of neurogenesis for which cells?

Answer 31

Hippocampal cells

Question 32

What is Syringomyelia?

Answer 32

Cystic degeneration of the spinal cord - esp anterior white commissure. Results in cape-like distribution loss of pain and temperature sensation.

Question 33

What is Horner syndrome?

Answer 33

If the syrinx of syringomyelia gets so big that it affects the lateral horn, then you disrupt sympathetic input to face and and have ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.

Question 34

What is Poliomyelitis?

Answer 34

Damage to anterior motor horn due to poliovirus infection

Question 35

What is Werding-Hoffman Disease?

Answer 35

Inherited degeneration of the anterior motor horn; aut recessive

Question 36

What is ALS?

Answer 36

Degenerative disorder of upper and lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tract

Question 37

What kind of drug is used to treat ALS?

Answer 37

Glutamate inhibitor

Question 38

What drug is used diagnostically to evaluate MG?

Answer 38

Edrophonium, an AChE-I

Question 39

Which G protein is the B1 R associated with?

Answer 39

Gs

Question 40

Which G protein is the alpha1 R associated with?

Answer 40

Gq

Question 41

What type of receptor is the Glu-NMDA R?

Answer 41

non-selective cation channel (NSC)

Question 42

Which G protein is the B2 R associated with?

Answer 42

Gs

Question 43

Which G protein is the M2 R associated with?

Answer 43

Gi/o

Question 44

Which G protein are the M1,2,3 Rs associated with?

Answer 44

Gq

Question 45

Which G protein is the alpha2 R associated with?

Answer 45

Gi/o

Question 46

What type of channel is the NMJ AChR?

Answer 46

non-selective cation channel (NSC)

Question 47

The notochord releases Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) which induces what?

Answer 47

Induces the overlying ectoderm to divide more rapidly, forming a thickened mass, the neural plate.