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MISC-chem & physics Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 basic building blocks of an atom

A
  1. Proton = +charge
  2. Neutrons = no charge
  3. Electrons = - charge
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2
Q

Where do neutrons, protons, and electrons reside in the atom

A

Nucleus = neutron and proton

Orbit nucleus = electons

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3
Q

What determines the atom number of an atom

A

the number of protons

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4
Q

What are electrons in the outer shell called

A

valence electrons

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5
Q

How does a full shell vs incomplete shell affect an atom

A 
full = non-reactive (inert)
incomplete = atom can react with another atom
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6
Q

Define ion

A

An atom that carries a positive or negative charge

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7
Q

Difference between cation and anion

A 
cation = loss of electron (+)
anion = gains an electron (-)
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8
Q

Define ionic bonding

A

Complete transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another

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9
Q

Define covalent bonding

A

Equal sharing of electrons

1 or more pairs of electrons can be shared to form single, double or triple bonds

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10
Q

Define polar covalent bonding

A

Atoms share electrons but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the other
One area becomes relatively more positive while the other is relatively negative

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11
Q

What is an example of a molecule with a polar covalent bond

A

Water

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12
Q

Define Van der Waal forces

A

Very weak intermolecular force holding molecules of the same type together

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13
Q

List the molecular bonds in decreasing order of strength

A

Covalent > ionic > polar covalent (hydrogen bond) > Van der Waals

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14
Q

What is another name for polar covalent bonding

A

hydrogen bonding

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15
Q

Name and describe the law of partial pressures

A

Dalton’s law
Total pressure is equal to the sum of its parts
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3…

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16
Q

Calculate total pressure in mmHg
P1 = 20
P2 = 60
P3 = 100

A

Ptotal = 180

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17
Q

At sea level, the agent monitor measures the end-tidal sevo at 16 mmHg. Convert this to volumes percent

A

2.1%

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18
Q

At sea level, the agent monitor measures the end-tidal des at 6%. What is the partial pressure of des in the exhaled tidal volume

A

45.6 mmHg

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19
Q

What law defines amount of gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution (at constant temp)

A

Henry’s law

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20
Q

What is Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
The higher the gas pressure, the more it will dissolve into liquid

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21
Q

What is the relationship between partial pressure and solubility

A

PP affects solubility in a directly proportional linear fashion
DEC pressure = DEC solubility
INC pressure = INC solubility

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22
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and solubility

A

Temp inversely affects solubility in a curved fashion
DEC temp = INC solubility
INC temp = DEC solubility

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23
Q

How does Henry’s law apply to anesthetic emergence

A

In a hypothermic pt, emergence is prolonged b/c the solubility of the gas is increased
There is less available to leave to body

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24
Q

What are solubility coefficients

A

Defined numbers for gases that represent how easily a gas can be put into a solution

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25
What are the solubility coefficients for O2= CO2=
``` O2= 0.003 mL/dL/mmHg CO2= 0.067 mL/dL/mmHg ```
26
How does the solubility of CO2 compare to O2
CO2 is ~20 times more soluble than O2
27
How is Henry's law applied to O2 delivery
Multiplying the PaO2 by O2 solubility coefficient allows us to calculate how much gas is dissolved
28
How is most CO2 transported in the blood
1. As bicarbonate | 2. Bound to Hgb
29
Define Fick's law
Law of diffusion | Describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
30
``` Describe each law briefly Dalton's= Fick's= Henry's= Graham's= ```
``` Dalton's= law of partial pressures Fick's= law of diffusion Henry's= law of concentration and solubility Graham's= diffusion is determined by molecular weight ```
31
Per Fick's law, diffusion is directly proportional to what 3 factors
1. Partial pressure difference (pressure gradient = driving force) 2. Diffusion coefficient (solubility) 3. Membrane surface area
32
Per Fick's law, diffusion is inversely proportional to what 2 factors
1. Membrane thickness | 2. Molecular weight
33
What are 4 applicable scenarios for Fick's Law in anesthesia
1. Diffusion hypoxia 2. COPD pt w/ reduced alveolar surface area causing slower rate of inhalation induction 3. Calculation of CO 4. Drug transfer across the placenta
34
Define Graham's law
Molecular weight of a gas determines how fast it can diffuse through a membrane
35
What law describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
Fick's law
36
How is the rate of diffusion determined with Graham's law
It is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's molecular weight
37
What gas law states that speed of diffusion through a membrane is determined by molecular weight of the gas
Graham's law
38
What are 2 anesthetic applications of Graham's law
1. Second gas effect | 2. High FGF is turbulent passing through annular space (as determined by gas's density)
39
What are the equations for the following gas laws: Boyle's= Charles's= Gay-Lussac's=
Boyle's: P1xV1 = P2xV3 Charles's: V1/T1 = V2/T2 Gay-Lussac's: P1/T1 = P2/T2
40
What are the variable for Boyle's law and how are they related
variables = pressure and volume Inverse relationship: As one variable gets large, the other gets smaller and vice versa
41
What are the variables for Charles's law and how are they related
Variables = volume and temperature Direct relationship: As one variable gets bigger, so does the other and vice versa
42
What are the variables for Gay-Lussac's law and how are they related
Variables = pressure and temperature Direct relationship: As one variable gets bigger, so does the other and vice versa
43
Which variables are constant in each equation Boyle's= Charles's= Gay-Lussac's=
``` Boyle's= temperature Charles's= pressure Gay-Lussac's= volume ```
44
Mnemonic to remember constant variables of gas laws
Paid TV | Can Be Great
45
What are 4 anesthesia applications of Boyle's law
1. Diaphragm contraction increases Vt 2. Pneumatic bellows 3. Squeezing BVM 4. Bourdon pressure gauge to calculate O2 remaining in cylinder
46
What is an anesthesia application of Charles's law
LMA cuff ruptures when placed in autoclave
47
What is an anesthesia application of Gay-Lussac's law
O2 tank explodes in heated environment
48
What are the variables of the Ideal gas law
``` P = pressure V = volume n = number of moles r = constant (0.0821) T =temperature ``` PV = nrT
49
What is Ohm's Law
The current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance
50
How is Ohm's law adapted for anesthesia
Current = flow Voltage difference = pressure gradient Resistance = resistance
51
How is Ohm's law adapted to hemodynamics
Current = flow =CO Voltage diff = pressure gradient = MAP-CVP Resistance = SVR
52
How does Poiseuille's law adapt Ohm's law
It incorporates vessel diameter, viscosity, and tube length
53
What is the equation for Poiseuille's law
Q = (pi x R^4 x Pchange)/(8 x n x L)
54
How is flow in Poiseuille's law related to viscosity
They are inversely related
55
How is flow in Poiseuille's law related to tube length
They are inversely related
56
How is flow in Poiseuille's law related to vessel diameter
Directly related
57
What variable in Poiseuille's law has the greatest influence over flow
Tube radius b/c it is raised to the 4th power
58
What are the 3 types of flow
1. Laminar 2. Turbulent 3. Transitional
59
What law is laminar flow dependent on
Poiseuille's law | It's dependent on gas viscosity
60
What law is turbulent flow dependent on
Graham's law | It's dependent on gas density
61
Which type of flow represents the smallest Reynolds number
Laminar flow (Re <2,000)
62
What are 2 examples of physiologic laminar flow
1. airflow in the terminal bronchioles | 2. BF in the systemic circulation
63
Which type of flow represents the largest Reynolds number
Turbulent flow (Re >4,000)
64
What 4 factors can produces turbulent flow
1. Orifices (changing to narrow diameter) 2. High gas flow 3. Acute angle in tube (>25*) 4. Branching in the tube
65
What are 2 examples of physiologic turbulent flow
1. Flow through the glottis 2. High FGF rates through annular space 2. Airflow through medium-sized bronchi (flow at angle)
66
Why is heliox indicated for status asthmaticus
Inhaling a lower density gas can improve air flow, making it less turbulent and decreasing reynolds number
67
What is Bernoulli's principle
Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity of a moving fluid (or gas)
68
How are velocity and pressure related in Bernoulli's principle
If fluid's velocity is high, the pressure exerted on the walls of the tube will be low and vice versa
69
How does venturi effect differ from Bernoulli's principle
It add a variable of air entrainment when the pressure inside the tube falls bellow atmospheric pressure. This is adjusted based on the diameter of constriction
70
What are 3 anesthetic examples of venturi effect
1. Jet ventilator 2. Venturi mask 3. nebulizer
71
What is the Coanda effect
Describes how jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface and continues to flow along the surface even if the surface curves away from initial jet direction
72
What 3 factors are considered in the law of Laplace
1. Wall tension 2. Internal Pressure 3. Radius
73
What is the difference between tension and pressure
Tension is a pulling force | Pressure is a pushing force
74
What are 5 physiologic applications of the law of Laplace
1. Blood vessels 2. cylindrical aneurysms 3. Alveoli 4. Cardiac ventricles 5. Saccular aneurysms
75
What are 2 examples of cylindrical applications of the law of Laplace
Blood vessels | Cylindrical aneurysms
76
What are 3 examples of spherical applications of the law of Laplace
Alveoli Cardiac ventricles Saccular aneurysm
77
What is the equation for the law of Laplace as applied to a cylinder vs sphere
Cylinder: tension = pressure x radius Sphere: Tension = (pressure x radius)/2
78
How is alveolus collapse related to surface tension and alveolar radiu
Collapse is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to alveolar radius smaller radius = inc collapse inc surface tension = inc collapse
79
How does surfactant concentration differ between alveoli
1. each alveolus has the same amount of surfactant 2. Large alveoli have smaller surfactant concentrations 3. Small alveoli have larger concentrations of surfactant
80
What lung cells produce surfactant
type 2 pneumocytes
81
When does surfactant production begin in utero
between 22-26 weeks
82
How can variables of ventricular wall stress be applied to the law of Laplace (as equation)
Wall stress = (intraventricular P x radius)/Ventricular thickness
83
According to Laplace, ventricular wall stress is reduced by what 3 factors
1. dec intraventricular pressure 2. dec radius 3. inc wall thickness
84
What are the effects of ionizing radiation
removal of electrons from atoms, creating free radicals
85
How is ionizing radiation exposure quantified How is that applied to human exposure
Roentgen Roentgen equivalent in man (rem) is a unit of dose equivalent to R
86
What is the yearly maximum exposure of radiation for adults
5 rem
87
What is the yearly maximum exposure for a fetus of a pregnant woman is
0.5 rem or 0.05 rem/month
88
Which organs are at increased susceptibility to injury
Eye | Thyroid
89
What are 3 measures to limit radiation exposure
1. distance 2. duration 3. shielding
90
What is the minimum safe distance from radiation and how does that compare to lead or concrete
Minimum distance = 6 feet Concrete comparison = 9 inches Lead comparison = 2.5 mm
91
How thick is protective lead
0.25-0.5 mm
92
How is radiation exposure related to distance from the source
The amount of exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the source
93
What are 3 risks associated with radiation exposure
1. tissue injury 2. chromosomal damage 3. malignancy
94
Define specific heat
Amount of heat required to increase the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1*C
95
Define heat of vaporization
Number of calories required to vaporize 1 mL of liquid
96
Define critical temperature
The highest temp where a gas can exist as a liquid
97
Define critical pressure
The minimum pressure required to convert a gas to a liquid at its critical temperature
98
What is the critical temperature for the following: N2O CO2 O2
``` N2O = 36.5*C CO2 = 31*C O2 = -119*C ```
99
Conversion from Celsius to Kelvin
Kelvin = 273 + C
100
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius = (F - 32) x 5/9
101
Conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit = (C x 1.8) + 32
102
What are the equivalent pressures between the following | 1 atm = __ mmHg = __ torr = __ bar = __ kPa = __ cmH2O = __ lb/inch^2
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 bar = 100 kPa = 1,033 cmH2O = 14.7 lb/inch^2
103
1 mmHg = ___ cm H2O | 1 cm H2O = ___ mmHg
1. 36 cmH2O | 0. 73 mmHg

APEX-Miscellaneous (6 decks)

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