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APEX-Miscellaneous > MISC-chem & physics > Flashcards

MISC-chem & physics Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 basic building blocks of an atom

A
  1. Proton = +charge
  2. Neutrons = no charge
  3. Electrons = - charge
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2
Q

Where do neutrons, protons, and electrons reside in the atom

A

Nucleus = neutron and proton

Orbit nucleus = electons

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3
Q

What determines the atom number of an atom

A

the number of protons

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4
Q

What are electrons in the outer shell called

A

valence electrons

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5
Q

How does a full shell vs incomplete shell affect an atom

A 
full = non-reactive (inert)
incomplete = atom can react with another atom
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6
Q

Define ion

A

An atom that carries a positive or negative charge

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7
Q

Difference between cation and anion

A 
cation = loss of electron (+)
anion = gains an electron (-)
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8
Q

Define ionic bonding

A

Complete transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another

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9
Q

Define covalent bonding

A

Equal sharing of electrons

1 or more pairs of electrons can be shared to form single, double or triple bonds

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10
Q

Define polar covalent bonding

A

Atoms share electrons but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the other
One area becomes relatively more positive while the other is relatively negative

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11
Q

What is an example of a molecule with a polar covalent bond

A

Water

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12
Q

Define Van der Waal forces

A

Very weak intermolecular force holding molecules of the same type together

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13
Q

List the molecular bonds in decreasing order of strength

A

Covalent > ionic > polar covalent (hydrogen bond) > Van der Waals

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14
Q

What is another name for polar covalent bonding

A

hydrogen bonding

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15
Q

Name and describe the law of partial pressures

A

Dalton’s law
Total pressure is equal to the sum of its parts
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3…

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16
Q

Calculate total pressure in mmHg
P1 = 20
P2 = 60
P3 = 100

A

Ptotal = 180

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17
Q

At sea level, the agent monitor measures the end-tidal sevo at 16 mmHg. Convert this to volumes percent

A

2.1%

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18
Q

At sea level, the agent monitor measures the end-tidal des at 6%. What is the partial pressure of des in the exhaled tidal volume

A

45.6 mmHg

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19
Q

What law defines amount of gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution (at constant temp)

A

Henry’s law

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20
Q

What is Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
The higher the gas pressure, the more it will dissolve into liquid

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21
Q

What is the relationship between partial pressure and solubility

A

PP affects solubility in a directly proportional linear fashion
DEC pressure = DEC solubility
INC pressure = INC solubility

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22
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and solubility

A

Temp inversely affects solubility in a curved fashion
DEC temp = INC solubility
INC temp = DEC solubility

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23
Q

How does Henry’s law apply to anesthetic emergence

A

In a hypothermic pt, emergence is prolonged b/c the solubility of the gas is increased
There is less available to leave to body

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24
Q

What are solubility coefficients

A

Defined numbers for gases that represent how easily a gas can be put into a solution

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25
Q

What are the solubility coefficients for
O2=
CO2=

A 
O2= 0.003 mL/dL/mmHg
CO2= 0.067 mL/dL/mmHg
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26
Q

How does the solubility of CO2 compare to O2

A

CO2 is ~20 times more soluble than O2

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27
Q

How is Henry’s law applied to O2 delivery

A

Multiplying the PaO2 by O2 solubility coefficient allows us to calculate how much gas is dissolved

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28
Q

How is most CO2 transported in the blood

A
  1. As bicarbonate

2. Bound to Hgb

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29
Q

Define Fick’s law

A

Law of diffusion

Describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium

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30
Q 
Describe each law briefly
Dalton's=
Fick's=
Henry's=
Graham's=
A 
Dalton's= law of partial pressures
Fick's= law of diffusion
Henry's= law of concentration and solubility
Graham's= diffusion is determined by molecular weight
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31
Q

Per Fick’s law, diffusion is directly proportional to what 3 factors

A
  1. Partial pressure difference (pressure gradient = driving force)
  2. Diffusion coefficient (solubility)
  3. Membrane surface area
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32
Q

Per Fick’s law, diffusion is inversely proportional to what 2 factors

A
  1. Membrane thickness

2. Molecular weight

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33
Q

What are 4 applicable scenarios for Fick’s Law in anesthesia

A
  1. Diffusion hypoxia
  2. COPD pt w/ reduced alveolar surface area causing slower rate of inhalation induction
  3. Calculation of CO
  4. Drug transfer across the placenta
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34
Q

Define Graham’s law

A

Molecular weight of a gas determines how fast it can diffuse through a membrane

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35
Q

What law describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium

A

Fick’s law

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36
Q

How is the rate of diffusion determined with Graham’s law

A

It is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas’s molecular weight

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37
Q

What gas law states that speed of diffusion through a membrane is determined by molecular weight of the gas

A

Graham’s law

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38
Q

What are 2 anesthetic applications of Graham’s law

A
  1. Second gas effect

2. High FGF is turbulent passing through annular space (as determined by gas’s density)

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39
Q

What are the equations for the following gas laws:
Boyle’s=
Charles’s=
Gay-Lussac’s=

A

Boyle’s: P1xV1 = P2xV3
Charles’s: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Gay-Lussac’s: P1/T1 = P2/T2

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40
Q

What are the variable for Boyle’s law and how are they related

A

variables = pressure and volume

Inverse relationship:
As one variable gets large, the other gets smaller and vice versa

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41
Q

What are the variables for Charles’s law and how are they related

A

Variables = volume and temperature

Direct relationship:
As one variable gets bigger, so does the other and vice versa

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42
Q

What are the variables for Gay-Lussac’s law and how are they related

A

Variables = pressure and temperature

Direct relationship:
As one variable gets bigger, so does the other and vice versa

43
Q

Which variables are constant in each equation
Boyle’s=
Charles’s=
Gay-Lussac’s=

A 
Boyle's= temperature
Charles's= pressure
Gay-Lussac's= volume
44
Q

Mnemonic to remember constant variables of gas laws

A

Paid TV

Can Be Great

45
Q

What are 4 anesthesia applications of Boyle’s law

A
  1. Diaphragm contraction increases Vt
  2. Pneumatic bellows
  3. Squeezing BVM
  4. Bourdon pressure gauge to calculate O2 remaining in cylinder
46
Q

What is an anesthesia application of Charles’s law

A

LMA cuff ruptures when placed in autoclave

47
Q

What is an anesthesia application of Gay-Lussac’s law

A

O2 tank explodes in heated environment

48
Q

What are the variables of the Ideal gas law

A 
P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of moles
r = constant (0.0821)
T =temperature

PV = nrT

49
Q

What is Ohm’s Law

A

The current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance

50
Q

How is Ohm’s law adapted for anesthesia

A

Current = flow
Voltage difference = pressure gradient
Resistance = resistance

51
Q

How is Ohm’s law adapted to hemodynamics

A

Current = flow =CO
Voltage diff = pressure gradient = MAP-CVP
Resistance = SVR

52
Q

How does Poiseuille’s law adapt Ohm’s law

A

It incorporates vessel diameter, viscosity, and tube length

53
Q

What is the equation for Poiseuille’s law

A

Q = (pi x R^4 x Pchange)/(8 x n x L)

54
Q

How is flow in Poiseuille’s law related to viscosity

A

They are inversely related

55
Q

How is flow in Poiseuille’s law related to tube length

A

They are inversely related

56
Q

How is flow in Poiseuille’s law related to vessel diameter

A

Directly related

57
Q

What variable in Poiseuille’s law has the greatest influence over flow

A

Tube radius b/c it is raised to the 4th power

58
Q

What are the 3 types of flow

A
  1. Laminar
  2. Turbulent
  3. Transitional
59
Q

What law is laminar flow dependent on

A

Poiseuille’s law

It’s dependent on gas viscosity

60
Q

What law is turbulent flow dependent on

A

Graham’s law

It’s dependent on gas density

61
Q

Which type of flow represents the smallest Reynolds number

A

Laminar flow (Re <2,000)

62
Q

What are 2 examples of physiologic laminar flow

A
  1. airflow in the terminal bronchioles

2. BF in the systemic circulation

63
Q

Which type of flow represents the largest Reynolds number

A

Turbulent flow (Re >4,000)

64
Q

What 4 factors can produces turbulent flow

A
  1. Orifices (changing to narrow diameter)
  2. High gas flow
  3. Acute angle in tube (>25*)
  4. Branching in the tube
65
Q

What are 2 examples of physiologic turbulent flow

A
  1. Flow through the glottis
  2. High FGF rates through annular space
  3. Airflow through medium-sized bronchi (flow at angle)
66
Q

Why is heliox indicated for status asthmaticus

A

Inhaling a lower density gas can improve air flow, making it less turbulent and decreasing reynolds number

67
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle

A

Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity of a moving fluid (or gas)

68
Q

How are velocity and pressure related in Bernoulli’s principle

A

If fluid’s velocity is high, the pressure exerted on the walls of the tube will be low and vice versa

69
Q

How does venturi effect differ from Bernoulli’s principle

A

It add a variable of air entrainment when the pressure inside the tube falls bellow atmospheric pressure.

This is adjusted based on the diameter of constriction

70
Q

What are 3 anesthetic examples of venturi effect

A
  1. Jet ventilator
  2. Venturi mask
  3. nebulizer
71
Q

What is the Coanda effect

A

Describes how jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface and continues to flow along the surface even if the surface curves away from initial jet direction

72
Q

What 3 factors are considered in the law of Laplace

A
  1. Wall tension
  2. Internal Pressure
  3. Radius
73
Q

What is the difference between tension and pressure

A

Tension is a pulling force

Pressure is a pushing force

74
Q

What are 5 physiologic applications of the law of Laplace

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. cylindrical aneurysms
  3. Alveoli
  4. Cardiac ventricles
  5. Saccular aneurysms
75
Q

What are 2 examples of cylindrical applications of the law of Laplace

A

Blood vessels

Cylindrical aneurysms

76
Q

What are 3 examples of spherical applications of the law of Laplace

A

Alveoli
Cardiac ventricles
Saccular aneurysm

77
Q

What is the equation for the law of Laplace as applied to a cylinder vs sphere

A

Cylinder:
tension = pressure x radius

Sphere:
Tension = (pressure x radius)/2

78
Q

How is alveolus collapse related to surface tension and alveolar radiu

A

Collapse is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to alveolar radius

smaller radius = inc collapse
inc surface tension = inc collapse

79
Q

How does surfactant concentration differ between alveoli

A
  1. each alveolus has the same amount of surfactant
  2. Large alveoli have smaller surfactant concentrations
  3. Small alveoli have larger concentrations of surfactant
80
Q

What lung cells produce surfactant

A

type 2 pneumocytes

81
Q

When does surfactant production begin in utero

A

between 22-26 weeks

82
Q

How can variables of ventricular wall stress be applied to the law of Laplace (as equation)

A

Wall stress = (intraventricular P x radius)/Ventricular thickness

83
Q

According to Laplace, ventricular wall stress is reduced by what 3 factors

A
  1. dec intraventricular pressure
  2. dec radius
  3. inc wall thickness
84
Q

What are the effects of ionizing radiation

A

removal of electrons from atoms, creating free radicals

85
Q

How is ionizing radiation exposure quantified

How is that applied to human exposure

A

Roentgen

Roentgen equivalent in man (rem) is a unit of dose equivalent to R

86
Q

What is the yearly maximum exposure of radiation for adults

A

5 rem

87
Q

What is the yearly maximum exposure for a fetus of a pregnant woman is

A

0.5 rem or 0.05 rem/month

88
Q

Which organs are at increased susceptibility to injury

A

Eye

Thyroid

89
Q

What are 3 measures to limit radiation exposure

A
  1. distance
  2. duration
  3. shielding
90
Q

What is the minimum safe distance from radiation and how does that compare to lead or concrete

A

Minimum distance = 6 feet
Concrete comparison = 9 inches
Lead comparison = 2.5 mm

91
Q

How thick is protective lead

A

0.25-0.5 mm

92
Q

How is radiation exposure related to distance from the source

A

The amount of exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the source

93
Q

What are 3 risks associated with radiation exposure

A
  1. tissue injury
  2. chromosomal damage
  3. malignancy
94
Q

Define specific heat

A

Amount of heat required to increase the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1*C

95
Q

Define heat of vaporization

A

Number of calories required to vaporize 1 mL of liquid

96
Q

Define critical temperature

A

The highest temp where a gas can exist as a liquid

97
Q

Define critical pressure

A

The minimum pressure required to convert a gas to a liquid at its critical temperature

98
Q

What is the critical temperature for the following:
N2O
CO2
O2

A 
N2O = 36.5*C
CO2 = 31*C
O2 = -119*C
99
Q

Conversion from Celsius to Kelvin

A

Kelvin = 273 + C

100
Q

Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius

A

Celsius = (F - 32) x 5/9

101
Q

Conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

Fahrenheit = (C x 1.8) + 32

102
Q

What are the equivalent pressures between the following

1 atm = __ mmHg = __ torr = __ bar = __ kPa = __ cmH2O = __ lb/inch^2

A

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 bar = 100 kPa = 1,033 cmH2O = 14.7 lb/inch^2

103
Q

1 mmHg = ___ cm H2O

1 cm H2O = ___ mmHg

A
  1. 36 cmH2O

0. 73 mmHg

APEX-Miscellaneous (6 decks)

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