Misc. AICP History, etc. Flashcards
Ordinance of 1785 established STR (Township and Range) system
Each township = 36 square miles. Each divided into 36 parcels of 1 square mile or 640 acres. These parcels could be subdivided.he northeast 1/4 of the southeast 1/4 of Section 4 of Plannersville Township contains how many acres? 40 acres. Townships are subdivided into sections. Each township is six miles by six miles, township contains 36 square miles, each one forming a section. Calculations start at the end and work to the beginning of a sentence. Each section is one square mile, which is 640 acres. 1/4 of 640 is 160. 1/4 of 160 is 40 acres.
NYC Tenement Law of 1867-
required a narrow air shaft between adjacent structures, windows, and two toilets on each floor.
Jacob Riis
“how the other half lives,” and “The Children of the Poor.” Described deplorable conditions in NYC slums.
Jane Addams
social reformer, founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889.
Public Health Movement-
Advocated government involvement to promote public health and worker safety. Highlights include- creation of Central Park, NYC Tenement Law of 1867, San Francisco ordinance preventing slaughterhouses also in 1867. Public Health Movement died out in 1920’s due to prosperous conditions, although regulatory control elements were adopted by U.S. government so local governments could enact use restrictions in developed areas.
Garden City Movement-
Ebenezer Howard- England. “To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.” A blend of socialism and agrarianism, it extolled the virtue of nature over the immorality of the city and advocated a return to the pre-industrial village. (Know characteristics). Two garden cities created in England, (Letchworth and Welwyn) planned by Unwin and Parker. Unwin also planned Hampstead Garden Suburb.
-City Beautiful Movement-
From “White City” at Columbia Exposition of 1893 (Chicago World’s Fair). Daniel Burnham architect (“Father of city planning US”). Led to Chicago Plan, the first comprehensive, Long-range regional plan for the orderly development of an American city.
Patrick Geddes
-”Father of Regional Planning-
Central Place Theory-
Attributed to Walter Christaller (1893-1969), a German geographer, published Central Places in Southern Germany in 1933.
-NYC (1916):
First comprehensive zoning ordinance
Cincinnati Plan-
Est. 1925 (Bettman) First modern comprehensive plan based on the welfare of the city as a whole. Became a cornerstone of American City Planning.
-Neighborhood Unit Principle-
An idea by Clarence Perry in 1929, codified Unwin’s ideas in the “The Regional Survey of NY and its Environs.” A classic plan, it became the cornerstone of Depression Greenbelt Towns and Post-WWII suburban development in America.
-What is Urban Planning?
-Urban planning is that part of Public Administration that deals with decision-making relative to land use and the provision of public infrastructure necessary to support our residents at services levels consistent with a satisfactory quality of life.
-A part of public administration- just like budgeting- a budget is a financial plan!
-Deals with decision-making about land use and infrastructure- it’s all about choices, and the choice is yours!
-To support residents with quality services- residents have choices too!
Why we do Urban Planning?
to correct for and to mitigate market failures.
To manage our physical, fiscal and human resources effectively and efficiently.
Because we all believe the outcome will be better if we plan than if we don’t.
-Market Failure
-Market failure occurs when Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” leads to a misallocation of resources in a way that is detrimental to the common good.
-Four Cases of Market Failure
Public Goods
Non-exclusive (free) goods
Monopolies
Spillover effect
-Public goods
-If there is no profit in it, the market will not supply (Storm water drainage company, crime fighting company, book rental company, athletic field rental company, etc.). That’s why we have government. That’s why we pay taxes.
-Non-exclusive (free) good
-The best things in life are absolutely free and you don’t have to pay for the benefits you receive.
(i.e. a view of the Ocean or Bay, your neighbor’s privacy fence, your neighbor’s flu vaccination, the new paint on your neighbor’s house, an outdoor concert.)
-Monopolies
-In a monopoly, there is no competition. The price of goods and services is established by the supplier and not the consumer. In a completely free market, businesses would combine in ways which give them a monopoly. This is why we regulate monopolies (railroads, telephone companies, electric utilities, etc.)
-Spill over effects
-Spillover effects occur when the enjoyment of your rights interferes with the enjoyment of someone else’s rights. i.e. air and water pollution, deforestation, fishery depletion, building in a floodplain.
Rational planning process
-Defined: A structured process of decision-making that seeks to maximize the achievement of desired goals (ends) by careful consideration of potential consequences of available alternatives (means). Rationality focus on the quality of decision and the subordination of action to knowledge and of knowledge to values. -
Scientific Approach
-ALternatives analysis and selection
-”End state” master plan
-Planner as objective analyst
-Strategic Planning Process
-Rapidly Changing World
-Emphasis on organization change
-Linking planning with budgeting
-Short term orientation
-Incremental Planning Process (Charles Lindblom)
-”science of muddling through”
-Limited by time, resources
-Intuition and experience
-Optimize each decision
-Transactive Planning Process (John Friedman)
-Human experience- face-to-face with people affected by planning decisions
-decentralized decision making
-Emphasis on values and social growth
-Advocacy Planning Process (Paul Davidoff)
-Competing interested versus “public interest”
-Disenfranchised need advocates
-Social justice
-Planner as advocate
-Radical Planning Process (Alinsky)
-Idealistic activism
-Collective action for results
-System is flawed
-Citizen Participation (Sherry Arnstein, A ladder of Citizen Participation)
- manipulation (non-participation)
- Therapy (non-participation)
- Informing (Degree of tokenism)
- Consultation (Degree of tokenism)
- Placation (degree of tokenism)
- Partnership (degrees of citizen power)
- Delegated Power (degrees of citizen power)
- Citizen control (degrees of citizen power)
-Concentric Zone Model (1925)
Ernest Burgess
-1) CDB 2) Transition 3) Blue collar neighborhood 4) white collar neighborhood 5)
commute zone
-Sector Model (1939)
Homer Hoyt
-Based on Land values
-Wedges radiating along transportation lines
-Uses migrate within the same sector. in which sectors radiate out like pie shaped wedges from the central business district. Sector theory stresses the role of transportation in urban development. Each sector represents a specific land use, and thus represents a distinct area of land values. Land use sectors either complement or oppose each other.
-Multiple Nuclei (1945)
Harris and Ullman
-Clusters of economic activity
-Certain uses gravitate toward (or away from) others
-Urban growth by absorbing separate nuclei
-A Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
chart would allow for the rapid sequencing of tasks ensuring that the project deadline can be met. PERT often deals with unpredictable activities (where the time needed to complete activities is not known).
-Spatial justice
linked to the concept of social justice; while the goal of social justice is people being able to realize their potential in the communities they live in, the interest of spatial justice is how where people live affects their access to resources. The ability to live anywhere in a city or equitable zoning practices are certainly important, but they do not define spatial justice.
Special District
-Utility Districts and School Districts are examples of a Special District. Special Districts typically have the ability to levy taxes and take out debt to perform the functions required of the district.
EPA’s Superfund program
EPA’s Superfund program is responsible for cleaning up some of the nation’s most contaminated land and responding to environmental emergencies, oil spills and natural disasters. To protect public health and the environment, the Superfund program focuses on making a visible and lasting difference in communities, ensuring that people can live and work in healthy, vibrant places.” The program holds the current property owner liable for site contamination and requires the polluter to help pay for site cleanup.
Twelve leading indicators
The U.S. Department of Commerce uses an index of 12 leading indicators to measure the direction of the economy.These include interest rates, stock prices, oil prices, unemployment, housing starts, and consumer expectations.
urban cluster
According to the U.S. Census, an urban cluster is all of the following except…Urban Clusters (UCs) have at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people.
-CIP
typically a five-to-six-year road map for planning and funding public facilities and infrastructure. Typically incorporates both the construction of new facilities and the rehabilitation or replacement of existing capital facilities. Best practices include an economic analysis of the fiscal impact of new investments, including the life cycle costs of maintaining and operating facilities or infrastructure. There is an essential linkage between growth and the timing, phasing, or “concurrency” of capital investments. A local government budget typically addresses one or two years; and addresses operational funding for issues such as pothole repairs, new fire hoses, and new library book purchases, which are not considered “capital” facility expenses. (see APA PAS quicknotes #25: Capital Improvements Programming (2010); APA’s Planning and Urban Design Standards (2006); p. 637-638.
(3-C planning process)
MPOs: continuing: maintains planning as an ongoing activity that addresses both short-term needs and long-term vision for the region. Cooperative: involves a wide variety of interested parties through a public participation process. Comprehensive: covers all transportation modes and is consistent with regional and local land use plans. May have authority to plan and regulate local land use (typically do not).
charrette
A charrette is a type of participatory planning process that assembles an interdisciplinary team-typically consisting of planners, citizens, city officials, architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and other stakeholders- to create a design and implementation plan for a specific project. It differs from a traditional community consultation process in that it is design-based. In addition, charrettes are usually compressed into a short period of time, unlike traditional planning exercises that can take a long time to be finalized.
Community benefits agreements (CBAs)
CAN promise local hiring quotas. Several CBAs have used local hiring as one of the enumerated benefits agreed upon by developers and community groups, notably including one of the first CBAs, an agreement between Staples Center developers and LA residents.
Delphi Technique
Delphi Process is the name applied to a process used to attain a consensus from a group of experts. Delphi replaces direct confrontation and debate with a carefully planned, orderly program of sequential discussions. The process used to arrive at a group opinion or decision by surveying a panel of experts.
Cumulative Zoning
method of zoning in which any use permitted in a higher-use, less intensive zone is permissible in a lower use, more intensive zone. For example: under this method, a house could be built in an industrial zone, bu a factory could not be built in a residential zone.
Development fees, such as impact fees
cannot be used to pay for the cost of upgrading an existing system or raise the level of service in the community. There are two separate legal requirements. 1) Under Nollan: You have to demonstrate a nexus between the public improvement and the development impact. For example, the development would result in X number of vehicle trips per day on the arterial roadway. 2) Under Dolan: The amount that is charged must be proportionate to the impact. Here is a summary describing the cases: http://depts.washington.edu/trac/concurrency/pdf/Apdx_a.pdf.
1956 Federal Highway Act
created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities, and it also created the Highway Trust Fund to finance highway building. Sources of revenue for the Highway Trust Fund include taxes collected from vehicle sales.
Hoshin Kanri
is a method for ensuring that the strategic goals drive progress and action at every level within that organization. The process includes establishing a vision, developing objectives, deploy annual objectives, implement objectives, and then review progress on a monthly and annual basis.
An metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
is based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration within the core. As of 2013, OMB defined and delineated 388 MSAs. A typical MSA is centered on a single large city that wields substantial influence over the region (e.g., NYC, Philadelphia). However, some MSAs contain more than one large city (e.g, Dallas-Fort Worth or Minneapolis- Saint Paul.
Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA)
can be described as an area consisting of two or more overlapping or interlocking urban communities (known as primary metropolitan statistical areas) with a total population of at least one million. CMSAs comprise the 25 largest metropolitan areas in the US. The New York CMSA, for example, includes the primary metropolitan statistical areas of NY-Northern New Jersey-Long Island and NY-NJ-Connecticut.
Oversampling
in data analysis adjusts the class distribution of a data set (the ratio between the different classes/ categories represented) so that groups who are not usually represented proportionally in research have an opportunity to be represented properly.
Stratified Random Sampling
When subpopulations within an overall population vary, it is important to sample each subpopulation independently. A national org. wanted to estimate the proportion of physically active adults in the nation. The org. decided that it would be nice to have estimates for each state as well. Random sampling of adults within each state and combined the data to obtain a national estimate.
Symptomatic Population Estimate
population estimates include using local data such as utility connections or building permits to estimate the current population. i.e. using the 2010 Census population and determining the number of single-family building permits that have been issued since 200. Then multiplying this number by the average household size to determine the number of people that have been added to the community.
TIFs
-TIFs are best used in blighted areas that have the potential for an increased tax base. A TIF is used to finance public improvements through the increase in tax value on the surrounding property. A GO bond and special assessment could be used, but a TIF would be the most effective and politically feasible option.
MPOs Board
composed of city and county officials; federal, state, and local transportation agencies; and other regional stakeholders—approves plans and funding for regionally significant and federally supported transportation improvements. By some estimates, MPOs direct hundreds of billions in annual transportation investment, yet MPOs are unfamiliar to many practitioners and scholars outside transportation and many of the residents they serve.
Capital Improvements Plan
Includes operating costs and long-term maintenance costs.
Coffee Klatch
Small informal discussion with a group of people in a private home with light refreshments. The planner typically has a short presentation followed by questions and discussion.
Concurrency requirement
A concurrency requirement means that development cannot occur until capital improvements are in place.
Which might require conditional use permit?
A) apartment buildings and churches
B) warehouses and apartment buildings
C) warehouses and churches
D) churches
Warehouses and apartment buildings can be conditional uses. Churches are protected under RLUIPA Act and can’t be conditional, though can be subject to reasonable regulations. B.
Connectivity index
Refers to the density of connections in a road network and the directness of links. A well-connected road has many short links and intersections with minimal dead- ends. As connectivity increases, travelers have more route options and more direct travel between destinations. There are several methods to calculate ratios: the higher the ratio, the greater the connectivity.
