Misc Flashcards
CFTR is what type
A) Voltage gated
B) ATP-gated
C) Ca2+ gated
E) cGMP gated
ATP gated
Ovarian vessels and nerves delivered via what vessel?
suspensory ligament
Elevated aPTT, PT with no change in TT suggests what anticoagulant
Direct Xa inhibitor
Excessive athlete in non-teenage athlete
steroids
adrenergic receptor block causing postural hypotension
alpha-1
This artery courses with radial nerve in the arm
deep brachial
Splenic artery infarct: blood flow will decrease more in short gastric or left gastroepiploic?
short gastric
Absence of T tubules will cause what
uncoordinated myfibril contraction
Diminished ankle reflex: L5 or S1
S1
Diminished patellar reflex: L4, L5, or S1
L4
How many half lives to reach steady state concentration of continous infusion w/ first order kinetics
4-5
Don’t take this drug with levodopa
B6 – increases peripheral metabolism
Food stuck in piriform recess injures what nerve with what effect
internal laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X), injures afferent limb of cough reflex
Testicular tumor + hyperthyroidism: what tumor marker?
beta-hCG – analog of TSH
chloramphenicol toxicities
pancytopenia and aplastic anemia
Vitamin deficiency causing squamous metaplasia of pancreatic and exocrine ducts to a keratinizing epithelium
Vitamin A
Why is skeletal muscle resistant to Ca channel blockers
Calcium doesn’t actually flow through the calcium channels – their opening mechanically opens the Ryanodine receptors inside
Pathologic change preceding aortic calcification
cell necrosis
Low alveolar PaCO2
High alveolar PaO2
Poor perfusion or poor duffusion
Poor perfusion – diffusion problems don’t usually affect CO2
4 year old with bounding pulses and palpable thrill at LUSB
PDA
PDA arises from which aortic arch
6
HbA 60%
HbS 40%
What’s the genotype
Heterozygote for sickle cell
Renal artery stenosis will result in hypertrophy of what renal cells
Juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles)
Huntington’s caused by deficiency in what neurotransmitter
GABA
Renal efferent arteriole vasoconstriction has what effect on GFR and FF
FF goes up
GFR goes up with mild to moderate vasoconstriction, goes down with severe vasoconstriction
Management of somatic symptom disorder
Regularly scheduled visits
Brain lesion causing pure motor symptoms and spasticity
internal capsule
Malleus and incus: what pharyngeal arch
1st – same as CN V
Injecting this buttock quadrant risks superior gluteal nerve
superior medial
IL that stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils in asthmatics
IL-5
CMV retinitis tx
gangiclovir
pharm therapy for gestational diabetes
insulin
albuminuria with minimal concentrations of other proteins refers to what kind of proteinuria
selective
Cause of portal HTN with no liver injury
portal vein thrombosis
List medial to lateral:
gonadal vessels, internal iliac vessels, ureter
internal iliac / ureter / gonadal vessels
Which antilipid med has greatest effect on lowering TGs
fibrates
Most common cause of lacunar infarct
small vessel lipohyalinosis 2/2 HTN
Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Edrophonium:
Which is centrall acting
Physostigmine
Best screening test for undifferentiated malabsorption
Sudan stool stain
Niacin mechanism
inhibit hepatic VLDL production
Lead or iron poisoning:
colicky abdominal pain
constipation
headaches
bluish pigmentation at the gum line
lead
Clasp knife spasticity:
putamen, caudate, internal capsule, or globus pallidus
internal capsule
Symptom of hyper aldosteronism:
Diarrhea and flushing
OR
Paresthesia and muscle weakness
Paresthesias and muscle weakness (low K)
Does insulin cross placenta
No
Electrolyte abnormalities in amphotericin B therapy
low K and Mg
Ab for neutrophil myeloperoxidase is another way of saying what?
p-ANCA positive
Nitroprusside acts on arteries or veins
Both
Middle aged female with DM and borderline HTN is most likely to die of what
MI
Ab targets alpha3 chain of collagen 4: another way of saying what
anti-GBM positive
Does hemochromatosis cause cirrhosis
yes
triptan mechanism
serotonin agonists
Cholestasis will cause gastric atrophy or osteomalacia
osteomalacia
Converts androgen to estrogen in women
aromatase in granulosa cells
scrotal abscess drains to what lymph node
superficial infuinal (only the testis itself goes to para-aortic)
Hydralazine and procainamide are metabolized how
Liver acetylation
These drugs cause drug induced lupus
Colchicine mechanism
inhibit microtubule formation
Acute gout treatment causing diarrhea –> think colchicine
Iron studies in iron deficiency anemia
Fe:
Ferritin:
Transferrin:
Fe: low
Ferritin: low
Transferrin: high
Patients with significant prior atheroscerotic disease
Consider what before prescribing ACE-I
possibiliy of bilateral renal artery stenosis
Permanent central DI
hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
(In pituitary lesions, the hypothalamus can eventually compensate)
Pelvic fracture most likely to injure what portion of urethra
posterior membranous (just distal to prostate)
Unilateral swelling of face and arm in patient with risk factors for malignancy
brachiocephalic vein syndrome (not SVC!)
Which nervous system terminal output uses NE
sympathetic visceral innervation
How does squatting help in Tet spells
increase SVR (doesn’t affect PVR)
Arteriolar vasodilators such as hydralazine have what complication
salt retention and edema
(they activate RAAS)
NE administered: what’s second messenger system
Blood vessels:
Heart:
Blood vessels: IP3
Heart: cAMP
Rapid bilateral cerebral necrosis in young person
HSV encephalitis
Direct hernia: breakdown of transversalis fascia or weak rectus muscle
transversalis fascia breakdown
Hives: epidermal spongiosis or dermal edema
dermal edema
Method of INH metabolism
acetylation
List 5 insulin types in increasing duration of action
aspart
regular
NPH
detemir
glargine
Reperfusion injury causing rise in CK is best explained by:
glutathione peroxidase pruduction
OR
Cell membrane damage
cell membrane damage
Describe buspirone muscle relaxant effects
none
Most common cause of spontaneous PTX in healthy individual
ruptured subpleural apical blebs
Serotonin syndrome: tryptophan or tyrosine
tryptophan
serotonin syndrome antidote
cyproheptadine
What’s Kussmaul sign
paradoxical inspiratory rise in JVP: impaired RV filling
INH mechanism against mycobacterium
inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Acanthocytes on peripheral smear imply what
abetalipoproteinemia
Impact of myocardial ischemia on intracellular Na, Ca, K
Na: increased
Ca: increased
K: decreased
This med is given for PAH while patient is waiting for transplant
What’s the mechanism
bosentan: endothelin receptor antagonist
What’s Cheyne-Stokes breathing
apnea then period of crescendo-decrescendo tidal volumes then apnea and repeat
Seen in cardiac and neurologic disease
Which anti-mycobacterial agent works best in acidic environments (e.g. intracellular)
pyrazinamide
flutamide mechanism
blocks testosterone receptors
Integrins bind what 3 things
fibronectin
collagen
laminin
Side effects of typical antipsychotics
Low potency:
High potency
Low potency: anti cholinergic and antihistaminergic
High potency: EPS
First dose side effect of ACE-I
hypotension
Reason nitrates are taken morning and noon but not night
need a nitrate free interval to avoid tolerance development
Moldy substance causing p53 mutation
What is it and what cancer does it cause
aflatoxins that cause HCC
What causes the iron buildup in patients with hemochromatosis
abnormal intestinal absorption
cromolyn and nedocromil mechanism
inhibit mast cell degranulation
HF patient w/ slow heart rate, nausea, vomiting, hyperkalemia. What’s the drug responsible?
digoxin
beta blocker mechanism in glaucoma
decreased aqueous humor production by ciliary epithelium
colonic diverticuli: traction or pulsion
pulsion
daytime sleepiness more common in short acting or long acting benzos
long acting
1st line treatment for these seizures
myoclonic:
tonic-clonic:
simple partial:
complex partial:
myoclonic: VPA
tonic-clonic: phenytoin, carbamezapine
simple partial: carbamezapine
complex partial: carbamezapine
Tomoxifen more likely to cause osteoporosis or endometrial hyperplasia
endometrial hyperplasia – tomoxifen actually increases bone mass
Findings in congestion, red hepatization, and gray hepatization
congestion: exudate containing mostly bacteria
red hepatization: exudate contains erythrocytes, neutrophils and fibrin
gray hepatization: exudate contains neutrophils, fibrin, and disintegrated RBCs
What 2 substances are responsible for osteoclast differentiation?
RANKL and M-CSF
Multinucleated cells in Paget’s disease represent what
osteoclasts
confluent erythema, LAD, fever, and facial swelling after recently starting phenytoin
DRESS – remember the eosinophilia
bisphosphonates are analog of pyrophosphate or hydroxyproline
pyrophosphate
What is substance P?
pain neurotransmitter in PNS and CNS. levels are lowered by capsaicin
infant with growth retardation and teeth discolorations cause by maternal use of what substance
tetracycline
Name the signaling pathway:
nicotinic receptors:
muscarinic receptors:
beta-1 and beta-2:
alpha-1:
nicotinic receptors: ligand-gated ion channels
muscarinic receptors: IP3
beta-1 and beta-2: cAMP
alpha-1: IP3
chlorpheniramine is what class of drug
1st generation anti-histamine
72 kD enzyme present only in inflammatory tissues is bound by which of the following:
allopurinol, aspirin, colchicine, infliximab, prednisone
aspirin
Matching:
gp120 and gp41
adherence and fusion
gp120: adherence
gp41: fusion
hyperglycemia and lipodystrophy in HIV patient. what drug class likely responsible
protease inhibitors, e.g. idinavir
elevated phenobarbital level in patient with essential tremor. what’s he taking?
primidone
best long term tx for CF-associated diarrhea
pancreatic lipase – CF causes pancreas obstructive fibrosis and insufficiency
pinworm treatment
albendazole
Wegener’s: crescentic glomerulonephritis or membranous glomerulopathy
crescentic
Half life formula in terms of clearance and Vd
t = 0.7Vd/Cl
6MP metabolized by what enzyme
xanthine oxidase – that’s why you must be careful when using with allopurinol
advanced HIV
CMV retinitis
given drug causing hypomag and hypocalcemia
what’s the drug
foscarnet (note that ganciclovir is first line but can’t be given because of neutropenic side effects)
1st or second gen antihistamine
benadryl
chlorpheniramine
promethazine
fexofenadine
hydroxyzine
benadryl: 1st
chlorpheniramine: 1st
promethazine: 1st
fexofenadine: 2nd
hydroxyzine: 1st
Uremic bleeding
What labs will you see
normal aPTT, PT, Plt count
elevated bleeding time
What non-psych drugs can contribute to serotonin syndrome
linezolid
ondansetron
triptans
tramadol
severe hyperK after administering muscle relaxant
succinylcholine
Check what lab before initiating therapy with canagliflozin and other SGLT1 inhibitors
BUN and Cr
benzo mechanism
bind allosterically to GABA_A receptor increasing frequency of ion channel opening
comedocarcinoma is subtype of what cancer
DCIS
Patient in MVA given med to relieve cerebral edema and subsequently develops pulmonary edema and dies. What’s the med?
mannitol or other osmotic diuretic
Does colchicine inhibit leukocyte production or function
function
INH requires processing by what enzyme to be activated
catalase peroxidase
Med treats HTN emergency, increases renal perfusion and promotes sodium excretion
fenoldopan
Effect of fluorinated anesthetics on cerebral and hepatic blood flow
increased cerebral
decreased hepatic
if someone is experiencing anticholinergic side effects, is it due to muscarinic or nicotinic receptors
muscarinic
antiarrhythmic that targets ischemic myocardium
lidocaine and other 1B drugs
leurolide mechanism
effect on testosterone and DHT levels after initiation of therapy
GnRH agonist
initial increase in both followed by decrease in both
Alveolar cells containing golden cytoplasmic granules that turk dark blue on Prussian blue staining.
What are the granules and what is the disease
hemosiderin
heart failure
anti-TB drug causing red body fluids
what’s the mechanism of action
rifampin inhibits DNA transcription
impact of statins on LDL receptor density
increases
what two antifungals bind ergosterol
amphotericin B
nystatin
oseltamivir mechanism
neuraminidase inhibitor decreases release of virions
thiopental levels in brain rapidly decrease. why?
redistribution to skeletal muscle and fat
Antiarrhythmics causing torsades
name 4
dofetilide and sotelol
procainamide and quinidine
TB drug causing vision changes
What’s the mechanism
ethambutol inhibits carbohydrate polymerization
Which cell count increases following glucocorticoid administration
neutrophil
Left or right side CRC manifests as obstruction?
How does each side typically present?
left
left side presents with constipation, distention, nausea, etc
right side presents with anemia, fatigue, weight loss
Which lipid med increases triglycerides
cholestyramine
doxorubicin causes what specific cardiac abnormality
DCM
how to prevent doxorubicin cardio-toxicity
dexrezoxane
what lipid med can reduce warfarin effectiveness
cholestyramine
What drugs increase lithium toxicity
ACE-I
Thiazides
NSAID
“ATN”
Class I antiarrhythmic affinity for sodium channel
C > A > B
Protein production in what organ increases in response to glucocorticoids
liver
Adding this to a statin increases risk of myopathy
fibrate
combination of what two lipid drugs most increases risk of gallstones
fibrate and bile acid sequestrant
etanercept mechanism
TNF-alpha decoy receptor
How to distinguish succinylcholine from other muscle relxants using train of 4
if all the bars are initially equal in height, it’s succinylcholine
TB stops being acid fast after exposure to what drug
INH (stops mycolic acid synthesis)
Beta agonist smooth muscle signaling mechanism
cAMP
Never use what to treat alcohol withdrawal
carbamezapine
hypothyroidism is side effect of what psychiatric drug
lithium
stimulation of this pancreatic receptor decreases insulin secretion
alpha (everything else increases it)
electrophoresis of bug exposed to ceftriaxone in presence of beta-lactamase shows how many bands
0
atropine affects muscarinic, nicotinic or both
muscarinic
antidote for organophosphate poisoning
pralidoxime
Lung cell responsible for regeneration of alveolar epithelial lining after injury
Type II pneumocytes
p24 associated with what HIV gene
gag
DNA methylation responsible for what genetic phenomenon
imprinting
Do neural crest cells migrate to the rectum
yes
Last cell type to disappear in as airway progress distally along the respiratory tube
- cilia
- goblet cells
- mucous glands
- serous glands
- cartilage
cilia
RPGN: which substance forms the crescent?
A) IgE
B) C4
C Fibrin
D) Thyroglobulin
E) Pyrogenic exotoxin B
Fibrin
Which of the following is stratified squamous?
- paranasal sinuses
- laryngeal vestibule
- false vocal cords
- true vocal cords
- tracheal bifurcation
True vocal cords – all the other are ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Tendency for study subjects to change behavior when they know they’re being studied
Hawthorne effect
Enhancer location relative to transcribed gene
anywhere!
Acute rejection: mostly T or B cells
T
what structure connects osteocytes
gap junctions
CNS cells that lipid-stain most intensely after ischemic infarct
microglia (it’s eating up the myelin)
parietal cells located in what layer of stomach
upper glandular layer
Faster conduction velocity: atria or ventricles
atria
Rathke’s pouch derived from what embryonal cell line
surface ectoderm
radial head subluxation (Nursemaid’s elbow) involves stress/tear of what ligament
annular ligament
Very long chain fatty acids metabolized in what organelle
peroxisome
Patient with ASD: which change is irreversible
pulmonary HTN or RVH
pulmonary HTN
neutropenic patient with ecthyma gangrenosum has what infection
pseudomonas
poison ivy reaction mediated by what cell type
T cell (it’s type IV hypersensitivity)
water deprivation test: discriminate between central DI and polydipsia
the osmolality will increase in polydipsia before the ADH is given
defective gene in ataxia telangiectasia and result
ATM – defective DNA break repair
median nerve goes between what muscles before reaching the wrist
flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
Croup most common cause
paraflu aka paramyxovirus
Where in the nephron does uric acid precipitate
collecting tubule (lowest pH)
Elastic property of elastin is due to what biochemical structural attribute
lysine cross-linking
Most important factor in preventing flu infection despite prolonged exposure to ill contacts
circulating antibodies against hemagglutinin
cell origin of melanocytes
neural crest
Name the virulence factor for each of these E Coli presentations:
Bacteremia:
Neonatal meningitis:
Bloody gastro:
Watery gastro:
UTI:
Bacteremia: LPS
Neonatal meningitis: K1 capsular polysaccharide
Bloody gastro: Shiga-like toxin
Watery gastro: Heat-stable/labile enterotoxin
UTI: Fimbrial antigen
Most common cause of monosomy X
mitotic error causing loss of parental chromosome
DNA abnormality causing Fragile X
gene methylation
urine H2PO4 in DKA: elevated or depressed
elevated
Immune cells responsible for containing TB
CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages
end product of sorbitol metabolism in healthy individuals
fructose
RF is IgM antibody specific for what
Fc portion of IgG
Crohn’s pt rx w/ infliximab develops joint pains, skin rash, vasculitis ten days after starting med. What’s the dx?
serum sickness w/ associated low complement levels
Calories per gram of
carbs:
protein:
EtOH:
fat:
carbs: 4
protein: 4
EtOH: 7
fat: 9
absorption or excretion of bilirubin uses active transport?
excretion
Candida antigen test evaluates T or B cell function
T
Thyroid hormone receptors are located where (in/on the cell)
in the nucleus
what leukocyte predominates in sarcoid
CD4+ T helper cells
How does DDAVP stop bleeding: vasoconstriction or increase in endothelial protein release?
increase in endothelial protein release (likely von Willebrand disease)
old person with blurry vision and gray sub-retinal membrane
What’s the dx and tx
Wet macular degeneration
Treat with anti-VEGF
What substance is required to trigger release of ACh from presynaptic terminal at NMJ
Calcium
Vitamin deficiency manifesting as failure to carboxylate glutamate residues in the liver
Vit K deficiency
5 yo boy w/ bilateral lens subluxation and multiple infarcts
Dx and Tx?
Homocysteinuria
Treat with pyridoxine
Which has lower oxygen concentration: PA or coronary sinus
coronary sinus
cytokine that mediates pus accumulation
IL-8 (responsible for neutrophil chemotaxis)
Nitrous oxide is derivative of what amino acid
arginine
pantothenic acid is fancy name for what
CoA
Anti-convulsant also used in tremor. May lead to elevated phenobarbital levels
primidone
Middle meningeal artery is branch of what artery
maxillary
Cause of wrinkles in normal aging
decreased collagen fibril production
How does silicosis predispose to TB infection
impaired macrophage killing
What phases of SA and AV node depolarization involve calcium
Mostly phase 0 but also phase 4 (which is mostly about sodium)
mifepristone mechanism
anti-progestin
morphine effect on ion channels
increases K efflux –> hyperpolarization
tx for acute intermittent porphyria results in downregulation of what enzyme
delta-aminolevulinate synthase
Large cell in TB
What’s the name and what causes it to form
Langhans giant cell
formed by CD4+ Th1 cells
Where is rRNA produced
nucleolus
rubella caused by what virus
togavirus
Order DNA base excision repair start to finish
ligase, glycosylase, endonuclease, DNA polymerase, lyase
glycosylaste
endonuclease
lyase
DNA polymerase
ligase
how does glucose down-regulate lac operon
decreased cAMP –> CAP does not bind the operon
Oral vaccine more likely to elicit this class and location of antibody
IgA in the gut
eosinophil response to parasites: antibody mediated or not?
antibody mediated
Mono-like illness with negative monospot
CMV
Can prevent tumor lysis syndrome: probenecid or rasburicase
rasburicase – probenecid is contraindicated in patients at risk of nephrolithiasis or uric acid nephropathy
hyperaldosteronism: bicarb is high or low
high – aldosterone increases acid secretion which results in increased bicarb resorption
(OR, just know the patient is hypoK which almost always implies met alk)
Blood type antibody class (e.g. anti-A) by maternal blood type
Mom is type A:
Mom is type B
Mom is type O:
Mom is type A: IgM
Mom is type B: IgM
Mom is type O: IgG
What causes insulin resistance: high LDL or high free fatty acids
high free fatty acids
Function and location in ribosomes:
16S rRNA:
23S rRNA:
16S rRNA: complementary to mRNA, located in 30S subunit
23S rRNA: facilitates peptide bond formation, located in 50S subunit
acyclovir mechanism
incorporates into viral DNA and terminate DNA synthesis
Atypical lymphs in mono:
B or T?
CD?
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
anemia, hypercoagulability, pancytopenia suggests what?
CD_ and CD_ will be deficient
PNH 2/2 complement activation
CD55 and CD59 deficient
High fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: favors glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
glycolysis
The following tissue types have glucose transporters that are insulin-sensitive:
What’s the name of the glucose transporter:
skeletal muscle and adipocytes contain GLUT4
Which luekocyte prevents disseminated candidiasis
neutrophils
punch biopsy
stellar cells with characteristic intracytoplasmic granules shaped like tennis racket
demonstrate some myeloid surface markers and interact closely with T lymphocytes
langerhans cells
entacapone and tolcapone mechanism
COMT inhibitors prevent peripheral conversion of DA, increasing the quantity that reaches the brain
vWF binds what two substances
platelet glycoproteins and subendothelial collagen
Cell lineage
anterior pituitary:
posterior pituitary:
anterior pituitary: oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)
posterior pituitary: neuroectoderm
2 nitrate side effects
HA and flushing
Why is chlamydia is resistant to beta lactams
cell wall doesn’t contain peptidoglycan
Etoposide targets topoisomerase I or II
II
TB drug requiring acidic environment
pyrazinamide
Rb gene functions properly when hypo- or hyperphosphorylated
hypo-
Distinguish T-cell and B-cell ALL based on clinical presentation
mediastinal mass = T cell
radiation kills cancer cells how?
double strand breaks in DNA
Stool sample finding suggestive of strongyloides stercoralis
rhabditiform larvae in stool
Mature B lymphs exposed to a virus gain the ability to propogate indefinitely in vitro and still secrete immunoglobulins. What’s the virus
EBV
Most effective at prolonging time to HSV-2 recurrence: short or lifelong acyclovir
LIFELONG
Young woman with headaches complains of lump in throat. PE and workup unrevealing
globus hystericus
DNA fragmentation into multiples of 180 bases on electropheresis
apoptosis
Genetic disease present in offspring but not in parents or relatives
germline mosaicism
structure most likely to be injured in A/P knee dislocation
popliteal artery
bacteria in endometritis
b frag
Reflection vs facilitation
reflection paraphrases what’s been said. facilitation encourages continued discussion
splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis prevents what complication
gallstones
chemical modification to carboxy-terminal anchor of transmembrane protein
palmitoylation
Impact of nitrates on HR and LV end systolic volume
HR increases
LVESV decreases
function of CFTR in sweat glands and respiratory epithelium
sweat: reabsorb NaCl
respiratory: secrete Cl
Defn of allelic heterogeneity
different mutations on same locus cause similar presentation
classic example: Duchenne and Becker multiple dystrophy
prohormone peptide molecule has signal sequence with hydrophobic core. large deletion of the core would result in protein accumulation where
cytosol
increased branch-chain alpha-keto acids in blood and urine. what enzyme is deficient and what cofactor does it depend on
maple syrup urine disease:
alpha keto acid dehydrogenase requires thiamine
abnormal testosterone concentration in seminiferous tubules and epididymis but normal T in rest of body. what structure is messed up
sertoli cells (not leydig)
messenger system for glucagon in hepatocytes
Gs and cAMP
axillary sweating: cervical or thoracic sympathetic ganglia
thoracic
red safranin O stains what
cartilage, mast cells and mucin
what connects to the gubernaculum in females
round ligament
platelet activating factor effects and messenger system
primary effect: platelet aggregation
toxicities: bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, thrombi
messenger system: Gq / IP3
osteogenesis imperfecta decreases synthesis of what
collagen
how does lactulose treat hepatic encephalopathy
acidifies intestinal contents by converting NH3 to NH4+
bone abnormality in Vit D deficiency: spongy or osteoid
osteoid
What nerve fibers are unmyelinated
autonomic postganglionic axons
afferent sensory heat and slow-onset pain
What HLA II component is digested during antigen presentation
invariant chain
pleiotropy vs genetic heterogeneity
pleitropy: one gene has multiple effects
genetic heterogeneity: multiple genes (at different loci) have the same effect
ergosterol: lipid or peptidoglycan
lipid
ATN affects cortex or medulla
medulla
Familial hypercholesterolemia: decreased LDL receptors or decreased lipoprotein lipase
decreased LDL
GI sx w/ spots around mouth
Peutz Jegher
Lithium: central or peripheral DI
peripheral
Adding amniotic fluid to ethanol and looking for foam is a test for what substance
surfactant
What characteristic of heparin makes it safer than warfarin in pregnancy
Higher water solubility
Main bacterial factor responsible for establishing gonococcal infxn
pilus
Mechanism by which viruses get transferred from animals to humans
genetic reassortment
Which is cause of Graves opthalmopathy:
1) neutrophil infiltration of retrobulbar tissue
2) glycosaminoglycan synthesis by fibroblasts
2)
Vitamin C deficiency can cause presentation similar to what genetic disorder
Ehlers Danlos
Nodules in liver cirrhosis are due to what cells proliferating
hepatocytes
50S methylation promotes resistance to macrolides or chloramphenicol
macrolides
What causes lactase deficiency
decreased gene expression
flat affect, hypersexuality, hyperphagia: what brain structure
amygdala
cyclosporin mechanism
block IL-2 transcription
What causes tardive dyskinesia:
decreased dopamine sensitivity
upregulation of DA receptors
upregulation of DA receptors: results in loss of cholinergic tone
What’s increased in COPD: residual volume or expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
carbonic anhydrase is necessary for what function in bone
osteoclast activity – needed for bone remodeling
eosinophilic round inclusion in hippocampal neurons
painful pharyngeal spasms
rabies
Matching:
Superior rectal vein/IMA and inferior rectal vein
Liver mets and lung mets
Liver mets: IMA
Lung mets: inferior rectal vein
phosphorylation of PFK2-FBPase promotes glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis (phosphorylation caused by glucagon)
Insulin upregulates or downregulates PFK2
upregulates (promoting glycolysis)
Giardia vs E hystolytica on microscopy
both have trophozoites but in E hysto they contain RBCs
Solid onc patient found to have nephrotic syndrome. whats the cause
membranous GN
site of APO B100 and APO B48 synthesis
100: hepatocytes
48: intestinal cells
Methylmalonic acidemia occurs when what reaction type is deficient
isomerization
Defective enzyme in maple syrup urine requires what substance as cofactor
thiamine (keto acid dehydrogenase rxn)
MCC of recurrent lobar hemorrhages
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
opsoclonus-myoclonus associated with what malignancy
neuroblastoma
