Misc Flashcards

Question

cushings triad

Answer 1

Bleeding trapped between the dura mater and the brain proper forms a subdural hematoma. This tends to be caused by bleeding from the many veins that bridge the subdural space. This is most commonly caused by blunt head trauma. Therefore, subdural hematomas are frequently associated with skull fractures above and cerebral contusions below. Depending on the time frame between the initial insult and the development of symptoms, subdural hematomas will be classified as acute, sub-acute or chronic. Acute – symptoms develop within twenty-four hours. 50% – 80% mortality rate. Sub-acute – symptoms develop from two to ten days. 25% mortality rate. Chronic – symptoms develop after around two weeks. 20% mortality rate. The symptoms of subdural hematoma mirror the symptoms of epidural bleeding. The key difference is that the symptom progression is much more subtle due to the slower onset. It often takes a more experienced or alert clinician to trace the presenting symptoms back to the initial head injury. The hematoma will ultimately need to be surgically evacuated.

Answer 2

20-50% may have a sudden improvement in their condition prior to rapid deterioration - lucid interval Epidural Bleeding Less than one percent of all intracranial hemorrhages are epidural in nature. Symptoms tend to develop rapidly and tend to be caused by laceration of the middle meningeal artery. Though bleeding from other regions can produce epidural bleeding, we suspect this bleeding pattern secondary to trauma in the temporal region of the skull. Epidural bleeds from venous sources will progress slower than arterial epidural bleeds. Around half of the patients who experience epidural bleeding will have a brief loss of consciousness at the time of insult and then return to orientation and often report that they are asymptomatic. This temporary period of orientation is known as a lucid interval. The last two sentences were important. Go back and read them again. … No, seriously. The other half of patients will typically loose consciousness and never regain orientation. Even with appropriate care, 15 – 20% will die. Lucid intervals in epidural bleeds can last from 2 minutes to 16 hours but usually fall in the 2 – 6 hour range. The dramatic nature of lucid intervals has caused the media to coin a more dramatic term for the process, “talk and die syndrome.” During the lucid interval, patients may initially have no symptoms and then develop a progression of headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, confusion, altered mentation and unconsciousness. Rapid intervention at a trauma facility is required

Answer 3

This term refers to the phenomenon of bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This results in bloody CSF and intense meningeal irritation. Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage will have a sudden, severe headache that will begin localized and then spread into a more diffuse, dull, throbbing pain. Patients can also present with nausea, dizziness, severe neck pain, unequal pupils, confusion, seizures and unresponsiveness.

Answer 4

Appearance: 2 If the entire body is pink 1 If the body is pink and the extremities are blue 0 If the skin color is pale blue Pulse 2 >100 1 tone Respiration 2 Normal rate and effort, good cry 1 If the respirations are slow or irregular 0 Absent

Answer 5

the mouth first and then the nose

Answer 6

delay delivery

Answer 7

bradycardia

Answer 8

heard when auscultating blood pressure

Answer 9

viral infection that cause swelling around the larynx and trachea with a seal bark cough, may get better during the day and worse at night, usually occurs in pts less than 5

Answer 10

Types of Weapons ``` Chemical Biologic Radiologic Nuclear Explosive ```

Answer 11

tongue is larger mouth and nose are smaller trachea more pliable and can be damaged by overextension trachea narrower and more affected by inflammation & swelling chest walls are less muscular and more pliable breath more from the diaphragm

Answer 12

Used to remember the action of nerve agents ``` Salivation Lacrimation Urination Deification GI Distress Emesis (Vomiting) Miosis (pupil constriction) ``` signs and symptoms of a nerve agent that acts on the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

cardiac tamponade | tension pneumothorax

Answer 14

difficulty breathing difficulty swallowing pt usually present with hoarseness, drooling, and sitting forward in a sniffing position, retractions, fever and stridor can also present now decreased in incidence because of the flu vaccine frequently a bacterial infection but can be caused by a virus or trauma

Answer 15

6" away from baby with 2-3 inches between

Answer 16

may be the result of a respiratory infection, resulting in cough, fever and mucous production. CHF may result in edema in ankles or lower back, weight gain, JVD, may hear rales or crackles Both will present with dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea and wheezing

Answer 17

``` clot that travels to the lungs dyspnea decreased lung sounds hypoxia rapid breathing, pulse and bloddy sputum or chest pain ```

Answer 18

pulse below 60 in an adult

Answer 19

chest pain, pressure or discomfort which may also radiate to the neck, jaw abdomen or back may also have anxiety, difficulty berthing, palpitations, cool clammy skin, weakness, abnormal vital signs and a feeling of impending doom

Answer 20

Types of Harm ``` Thermal Radiological Asphyxiation Chemical Etiological Mechanical Psychological ```