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PDD > misc > Flashcards

misc Flashcards

1
Q

prestressing concrete: pretensioning

A

concrete bonds to prestressed members laid in the formwork

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2
Q

prestressing concrete: post-tensioning

A

sleeves are cast into concrete. cables are inserted, tensioned, affixed

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3
Q

concrete decks: 1:2 or greater

A

one-way span

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4
Q

slabs and beams transmit load in

A

bending

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5
Q

columns and bearing walls transmit load in

A

compression

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6
Q

buildings add how many degrees to the degree day temperature

A

5

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7
Q

BTU raised the temp of 1 lb of water

A

1 degree F

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8
Q

H-value or conductivity

A

of BTUs per hour that pass through 1” thick material

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9
Q

C-value or conductance

A

for material more than 1” thick

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10
Q

R-Value or resistance

A

of hours needed for 1 U to pass through material of a given thickness when the temp is 1 degree F different

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11
Q

1 ton of hvac capacity = how many BTUs

A

12,000 BTUs

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12
Q

1 ton of HVAC capacity =

A

1 ton of ice into water per day

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13
Q

(HVAC) Boots

A

chance the direction / shape of a duct

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14
Q

(HVAC) register

A

delivery end of a duct on walls and floors

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15
Q

(hvac) grilles

A

registers without operable fins (wall and floor delivery)

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16
Q

(hvac) diffuser

A

delivery end of a duct from above

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17
Q

throw of a register

A

3/4 depth of the space

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18
Q

spacing of a register

A

1/3 of the throw

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19
Q

percentage of the building taken up by mechanical systems

A

3 - 10%

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20
Q

ASHRAE

A

heating, refrigeration, a/c engineering

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21
Q

ashrae 55

A

thermal comfort for human occupancy

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22
Q

ashrae 62.1

A

ventilation for IAQ (residential)

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23
Q

ashrae 90.1

A

energy standard for commercial buildings (envelope, hvac, hot water, electrical power, lighting, other)

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24
Q

voltage

A

movement of electrons due to a difference in positive and negative charge encouraging the flow of electrons

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25
Q

amperage

A

the speed at which electrons are traveling, how many electrons are traveling over a period of time

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26
Q

3.413 BTU / hour =

A

1 watt

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27
Q

746 watts =

A

1 hp

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28
Q

watts =

A

volts x amps

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29
Q

car battery that is 12 volts connected to 300 amp jumper cables can deliver how many watts?

A

3600 watts

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30
Q

residential electrical delivery (standard)

A

single phase, 3-wire
0 / 120 / 120

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31
Q

commercial electrical delivery (standard)

A

3-phase, 4-wire
0 / 120 / 120 / 120

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32
Q

power equals

A

wattage available

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33
Q

energy equals

A

use of power over time

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34
Q

solar operates on a/c or d/c

A

d/c

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35
Q

how much energy is lost stepping down a/c vs d/c

A

a/c: 1 - 2% in conversion
d/c: approx 25% in conversion

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36
Q

3-phase systems have all 3 wires of of phase. what level of voltage will this system deliver on average

A

208 volts

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37
Q

industrial / large scale energy delivery

A

277/480 volt 3-phase, 4-wire

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38
Q

common amperage allowance for small buildings?

A

100 amps

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39
Q

120 volt, 100-amp system - how many watts available?

A

12000 watts (12 kw)

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40
Q

3-phase power
360 volt, 400-amp system - how many watts available?

A

144000 watts (144 kw)

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41
Q

always on devices need what percentage of their stated power available

A

125%

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42
Q

watts of these everyday items
ceiling fan
hair dryer
computer
water heater

A

65-175 watts
1200-1875 watts
120 watts
5000 watts

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43
Q

what is romex

A

plastic shielding used in smaller/residential projects instead of metal conduit

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44
Q

wires: AWG classification

A

8 gage or smaller (higher gage)

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45
Q

cables: AWG classification

A

6 gage or larger (lower gage)

46
Q

smallest wire allowed for electrical service

A

14 awg (copper)

47
Q

Largest awg?

A

0000 (1/2” thick)

48
Q

cables larger than 0000 awg measured in?

A

mcm. 2000 mcm largest used in construction (1.5”)

49
Q

voltage =

A

amperage x resistance (1 volt = 1 amp x 1 ohm)

50
Q

EMT

A

electrical metallic tubing - common type of conduit

51
Q

rigid metal conduits

A

bigger, thicker than EMT

52
Q

low voltage types which need to be shielded from higher voltage wires

A

cat 3 - telephone
cat 5 - internet
often contained in cable trays

53
Q

1 PSI of force lifts water

A

2.3’ (2’ - 4”)

54
Q

how much PSI required to lift water 1’?

A

0.433 PSI

55
Q

Copper piping classifications

A

K - L - M thick to thin

56
Q

which is the only copper pipe OK for underground use?

A

K

57
Q

plastic piping types ok for cold water

A

PB, PE, PVC, CPVC, PEX

58
Q

plastic piping types ok for hot water

A

PB, CPVC, PEX

59
Q

pinned connections resist:

A

forces in x + y, not moment

60
Q

roller connections resist:

A

forces in y only

61
Q

fixed connections resist

A

forces in x + y and moment

62
Q

the sum of the moments equals

A

0

63
Q

in order to solve for moment, you must choose a support that resists

A

moment - fixed connections only

64
Q

equilibrium formula for solving moments

A

distance (force) + distance (force) = 0

65
Q

trusses puts loads into

A

purely tensile and compressive forces

66
Q

Portland cement: type I

A

general purpose

67
Q

Portland cement: type II

A

moderate (less heat generated, cures slower, good for warm weather). good for high sulfates like found in groundwater

68
Q

Portland cement: type III

A

high early strength. good in cold climates

69
Q

Portland cement: type IV

A

for significant structures like dams

70
Q

Portland cement: type V

A

high sulfate resistance

71
Q

types of hydrated lime

A

N (normal) S (special - more water, more workability)

72
Q

metal forming: extruding

A

pushed metal through a die

73
Q

metal forming: drawing

A

pulls metal through a die

74
Q

metal forming: rolling

A

passes metal over rollers

75
Q

metal forming: casting

A

poured molten metal

76
Q

air entrained concrete benefits:

A

higher workability, lower water, improved durability, good for freeze/thaw

77
Q

ionization detectors

A

detect fire at the earliest (incipient) stages (no visible flame or smoke)

78
Q

Photoelectric sensor detectors

A

detect smoke and smoldering pre-flame (scattered light and laser beam)

79
Q

flame detectors

A

detect flames

80
Q

heat stage detectors

A

rise in temp detectors, flames tend to need to be present

81
Q

low strength or high strength mortar: more water tight

A

low strength

82
Q

low strength or high strength mortar: for seismic areas

A

high strength

83
Q

footcandles (fc) =

A

Cp / d squared (candlepower over distance squared

84
Q

globe valves

A

stop, start, and regulate

85
Q

gate valves

A

stop and start, no regulation

86
Q

check valves

A

prevent backflow

87
Q

ball valves

A

stop and start, no regulation

88
Q

change in length (due to deflection) =

A

force x length / area x modulus of elasticity

89
Q

masonry wall coatings: 2 categories

A

film formers (urethane-based, acrylic, mineral gum waxes) and penetrants (silicates and silicone rubber)

90
Q

steps of finishing poured concrete slabs

A

screeding/striking off (uses a 2x4 to level finish), floating (uses a float to level further), troweling (metal trowel is further smoothing needed)

91
Q

elastic vs plastic

A

elastic materials return to their original shape when load is removed (elastic materials are brittle). plastic materials deform when load is removed (ductile materials are plastic). concrete is brittle, steel is ductile. elastic materials carry load to their yield point, plastic materials carry load beyond their yield point

92
Q

glass types: annealed

A

standard glass

93
Q

glass types: heat strengthened

A

good for thermal changes, good for spandrel glass, less distortion than tempered, breaks like annnealed

94
Q

glass types: tempered

A

shatters into tiny rocks. 2x stronger than heat stregthened

95
Q

glass types: heat soaked

A

strongest glass, most expensive

96
Q

levels of glass insulation

A

monolithic glass: r-1
IGU with single air space: r-2
igu with single air space, low-e: r-3
same as above but argon filled: r-4

97
Q

wattage

A

measure of electrical power

98
Q

current:

A

electrical resistance in amps (I)

99
Q

resistance

A

frictional loss (ohms) (R)

100
Q

voltage

A

electrical flow between positive and negative (v = current (I) x resistance (R))

101
Q

galvanic action, cathodic (most noble) to anodic (least noble)

A

platinum, gold, silver, stainless, brass, chromium, nickel, copper, cast iron, steel, lead, tin, aluminum, galvanized, zinc, magnesium

102
Q

open web joists: shortest span (cheapest) to longest span (most expensive)

A

k - lh - dlh

103
Q

nails: casing

A

window frames, trim. small head countersinks

104
Q

nails: common

A

thick shank, used for framing

105
Q

nails: box

A

thinner for shingles and siding (reduced splitting)

106
Q

nails: sinker

A

tapered head to sit flush

107
Q

nails: duplex

A

double head for temporary uses like scaffolding and formwork

108
Q

nails: finish

A

for fine carpentry

109
Q

nails: ring shank

A

for floor sheathing and gypsum wallboard

110
Q

nails: roofing

A

large head

PDD (1 decks)

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