Misc Flashcards
Hypotonic
Extra cellular fluid less concentrated than intracellular fluid
Hypertonic
Extra cellular fluid more concentrated than intracellular fluid
Isotonic
Extra cellular fluid concentration and intracellular fluid concentration are equal
4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial tissue subtypes
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Transitional
Glandular
Connective tissues types of fiber
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Types of membranes
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Simple squamous epithelium
-Flat & thin
-Lines blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli, thoracic & abdominal cavities
Stratified squamous epithelium
-Found in areas of wear; mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum (unkeratinized); epidermis (keratinized)
Simple cuboidal epithelium
-Absorption & secretion
-Active part of glands/ducts, ovary surface, kidney tubules
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
-Lines sweat ducts, salivary & mammary glands
Simple columnar epithelium + microvilli
-Absorption & secretion
-Line GI tract
-Associates with goblet cells
Simple columnar epithelium + cilia
-Lines bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
Stratified columnar epithelium
-Mammary ducts, male urethra
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-Ciliated
-Resp tract
Transitional epithelium
-Allows distention
-Bladder, uterus, urethra
Glandular epithelium
-Secrete products (“glands”)
Endocrine vs exocrine glands
Endocrine = ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
Exocrine = have ducts and secrete onto an epithelial surface
Types of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Types of dense connective tissue
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
-Nose, trachea, larynx, articular and costal cartilage, embryonic skeleton
Elastic cartilage
-Pinna, auditory canal, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
-Intervertebral discs, Punic symphysis, chondrocytes
Compact bone
-Dense bone
-Stores calcium/minerals, provides supports & protection
Cancellous bone
-Spongy bone
-Hematopoiesis
Regular connective tissue
-Dense
-Tendons & ligaments, aponeuroses
Tendon vs ligament vs aponeuroses
Ligament = bone to bone
Tendon = bone to muscle
Aponeuroses = muscle to muscle
Irregular connective tissue
-Dense
-Dermis, organ capsule, joint capsule
Elastic connective tissue
-Dense
-Nuchal ligament in horse neck
Areolar connective tissue
-Loose
-Most widely distributed
-Supports organs, provides flexibility for other fiber types
Adipose connective tissue
-Loose
-Fat
-Insulates, cushions, backup energy
Reticular connective tissue
-Loose
-Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Functions of bones
Support soft tissues
Protect organs
Levers for muscles
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis
Osteoblast vs osteocyte vs osteoclast
Osteoblast = produces bone matrix
Osteocyte = mature bone cell
Osteoclast = dissolves bone matrix
Types of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Pneumatic bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Types of joints (function)
-Synarthrosis (immovable; skull sutures; fibrous)
-Amphiarthrosis (slightly immovable joint; pubic symphysis; cartilaginous)
-Diarthrosis (freely moveable; stifle; synovial)
Types of joints (structure)
-Fibrous (no joint cavity; skull sutures; synarthrosis)
-Cartilaginous (No joint cavity; pubic symphysis; amphiarthroses)
-Synovial (joint with synovial fluid; stifle; Diarthrosis)
Types of muscle
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Long bone anatomy
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (prox/distal end)
Periosteum (outer lining)
Endosteum (lining marrow cavity)
Medullary (cavity with marrow)
Epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate)
2 types of osteogenesis
Endochondral
Intramembranous
Skeletal muscle actions
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Levetor
Depressor
Sphincter
CNS
-Brain & spinal cord
-Cerebrum, Diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord, meninges, CSF, blood-brain barrier
Cerebrum
Motor control, sensory impulses
Gyri
Diencephalon
Thalamus & hypothalamus
Sensory impulses and interpretation
Homeostasis, endocrine system
Brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Respiration, V+, RAS
Cerebellum
Balance & coordination
Spinal cord
Ascending & descending nerve tracts
Convey sensory impulses, conduct motor impulses
Meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater, epidural space, subarachnoid space
PNS
All nerves processes that connect to the CNS
Afferent & efferent
Cardiac layers
Pericardium
Endocardium
Pericardial layers
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal Serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral serous pericardium
Heart sounds
Lubb dubb, lubb dubb
Lubb = AV valve closure
Dubb = semilunar valve closure
ECG
P wave = depolarization during atrial systole
QRS = depolarization during ventricular systole
T wave = repolarization during ventricular diastole
Atrial diastole occurs during ventricular systole and is masked by the QRS complex
Blood vessels complete system
Artery
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Histological layers of GI tract
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
GI mucosa layers
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Muscularis externa layers
Oblique muscle
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Monogastric stomach anatomy
Esophageal (nonglandular)
Cardiac (mucus)
Fundus (gastric glands)
Pylorus (mucus)
Fundus cell types
Mucous neck cells (mucus)
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Parietal cells (Hydrochloric acid)
Endocrine cells (gastrin)
