Misc Flashcards
1
Q
Vessels that can be permanently ligated
A
- Both common carotid arteries (dogs)
- Both jugular veins (dogs)
- L renal vein (dogs)
- Brachiocephalic veins
- Brachial arteries
- Hepatic vein
- Femoral arteries
- Both external iliac arteries
- Both common iliac veins
- Both femoral veins
- Abdominal vena cava cd to liver
2
Q
Temporary ligation times
A
- Descending thoracic aorta = 5-10min
- Portal triad = 10-15min
- Hepatic artery = 30min
- Splenic artery & vein = 15-20min
- Renal artery & vein = 30min
- Abdominal aorta = 30min
3
Q
Nuclear scintigraphy used for OSA, GFR, pancreas
A
- OSA: technetium-99m, hydromethylene diphosphate
- GFR: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)
- Pancreas: Indium-III pentetreotide
4
Q
Risk factors for SSI
A
- Duration of sx/anesthesia (2x increase/30% for every hour)
- Method of prep
- Staples
- Abx prophy
- Endocrinopathy
- Obesity
- Immunosuppression
- Propofol
- Bulldog
- MRSP
- Intact male
- Higher ASA
- Level of wound contamination
- # people (30% increase per person)
- Recovery in ICU
- Drain
5
Q
Grenade bulb pressure
A
- Rolled = 170 mmHg
- 1 hand = 84 mmHg
- 2 hands = 110 mmHg
6
Q
Components of Plasma-Lyte 148 & Normosol R
A
- 295 mOsm/L
- 140 Na+
- 5 K+
- 98 Cl-
- 3 Mg 2+
- 27 acetate
- 23 gluconate
7
Q
Components of 7.5% NaCl
A
- 2400 mOsm/L
- 1200 Na+
- 1200 Cl-
8
Q
Components of LRS
A
- 273 mOsm/L
- 130 Na+
- 4 K+
- 109 Cl-
- 3 Ca 2+
- 28 lactate
9
Q
Components of 23.4% NaCl
A
- 8,000 mOsm/L
- 4,000 Na+
- 4,000 Cl-
10
Q
mOsm/L 25% mannitol
A
1,250 mOsm/L
11
Q
Components of 0.9% NaCl
A
- 308 mOsm/L
- 154 Na+
- 154 Cl-
12
Q
Components of Normosol-M with 5% dextrose
A
- 363 mOsm/L
- 40 Na+
- 13 K+
- 40 Cl-
- 3 Mg 2+
13
Q
Components of Plasma-Lyte M with 5% dextrose
A
- 377 mOsm/L
- 40 Na+
- 16 K+
- 40 Cl-
- 3 Mg 2+
- 5 Ca 2+
- 12 lactate
- 12 acetate
14
Q
Components of plasma-lyte 56
A
- 110 mOsm/L
- 40 Na+
- 13 K+
- 40 Cl-
- 3 Mg+
- 16 acetate
15
Q
Components of 0.45% NaCl
A
- 154 mOsm/L
- 77 Na+
- 77 Cl-
16
Q
Steam sterilization expiration times
A
- Single musslin = 1 week closed, 2d open
- Double musslin = 7 weeks closed, 3 weeks open
- Paper/M = 8 weeks open
- Crepe/M = 10 weeks open
- Plastic/M = >9 months open
- Heat sealed = 1 year open
96 weeks?
17
Q
Local anesthetic & central effects
A
- Inhibit K+ and Ca2+ at dorsal horn
- Inhibit substance P
- Inhibit glutamatergic transmission
- Prox-distal (large nerves)
18
Q
Segments for epidural
A
- Pelvic limb: L3-S1 (0.2 mL/kg)
- Abdominal wall: T11-L3 (0.36 mL/kg)
- Thorax: T2-T13 (0.4 mL/kg)
19
Q
Most modern vaporizers
A
- Agent specific
- Concentration-calibrated
- Variable bypass
- Flow over
- Out of circle
- High resistance
- Compensated (temp, flow, back-pressure)
20
Q
Ventilator bellows
A
- Standing = ascending
- Hanging = descending
21
Q
4 stages of anesthesia
A
- Lasts until loss of consciousness
- Lasts until onset of regular breathing
- Surgical anesthesia, progressive loss of reflexes
- 3 light: until eyeball movement ceases
- 3 medium: progressive intercostal paralysis
- 3 deep: decreased intercostal muscle/TV, weak corneal, central pupils - Extreme CNS depression
22
Q
Non-neuromuscular effects of neuromuscular blockade
A
Antimuscarinic
- Histamine release
- minimal placental transfer
- protein-bound
Succinylcholine
- hyperK+
- increased IOP
- increased intragastric pressure
- increased ICP
23
Q
Pattern of stimulation NMB
A
- Single: 1 twitch every 7-10 seconds
- Train of four: 4 twitches every 2 seconds (4th, 3rd, 2nd, 1st, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)
- Tetanic: sustained 5 seconds
- Post-tetanic: stimulus shortly after (indicator of recovery)
- Double-burst: two to four 750ms apart
24
Q
Barbiturates
A
- cerebroprotective (decreased CmO2, CBF, ICP)
- mild decreased BP, compensatory tachycardia
- crosses placenta
Contraindications: sighthounds, severe cardiopulmonary disease, neonates, liver disease, underweight
25
Alfaxalone
- decreased CBF, ICP, CmRO2
- suitable for neonates & C-section
- steroid
- Phase I & II metabolism
- CV depression (minimal)
Contraindications: elevated IOP
26
Oxygen tanks
E
- 1,900 psi
- 660 L
H
- 2,200 psi
- 6,900 L
27
CO2 E tank
- 838 psi
- 1,590 L
28
Medical air E tank
- 2,200 psi
- 6,550 L
29
Nitrogen H tank
- 2,200 psi
- 6,400 L
30
Nitrous Oxide tanks
E
- 745 psi
- 1,590 L
G
- 745 psi
- 13,800 L
H
- 745 psi
- 15,800 L
31
Opioids & analgesia
- inhibition of GABA interneurons in periaqueductal grey region (also activation of inhibitory dorsal horn nociceptive neurons; release NE + serotonin)
- inhibit pre-NT release and post-hyperpolarization
- reduce nerve terminal excitability (peripheral)
- better with C-fiber (high doses/epidurals get A-delta)
32
Central emetic center (higher center)
M1, H1
scopolamine
dimenhydrinate
33
Lateral reticular formation in mid-brainstem (emetic center)
M1, H1, NK
maropitant
atropine
dimenhydrinate
34
Peripheral emetic
SHT3, D2, M1
ondansetron
metoclopramide
isopropamide
35
Vestibular apparatus (emetic)
H1, M1
maropitant
dimenhydrinate
36
Nucleus tractus
solitarius of CN X
H1, M1, NK, SHT3, D2
ondansetron
metoclopramide
scopolamine
dimenhydrinate
maropitant
37
CTZ
SHT3, D2, M1, NK
ondansetron
metoclopramide
38
ESF abx
beta-lactams
aminoglycoside
39
Urine abx
beta-lactams
aminoglycosides
FQs
sulfas
Vanco
40
Abx that penetrate BBB
Chloramphenicol
Doxy
FQs
Metronidazole
Rifampin
Sulfas
41
Abx that cross BBB in presence of inflammation
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
FQs
Vanco
42
Abx that DO NOT cross BBB
Aminoglycosides
Barbencillin
Cefazolin
Cefotetan
Clinda
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
43
Total body water (lipid) abx
chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
FQs
Sulfas
44
Abx in WBC
Clindamycin
Macrolides
FQs
Rifampin
45
Antagonistic abx combinations
phenol -- beta-lactams
tetracycline -- FQs
erythromycin -- aminoglycocides
46
Adverse effects of salicylates in cats
- Hyperthermia
- Resp alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Methemoglobinemia
- HGE
- Kidney and liver injury
47
Lumbosacral plexus
- Ilioinguinal (L3)
- Lateral cutaneous femoral (L3-4)
- Genito-femoral (L3-4)
- Femoral (L4-6)
- Obturator (L4-6)
- Sciatic (L6-L7-S1)
- Caudal cutaneous femoral (S1-2)
- Dorsal nerve of penis (S1-2)
- Superficial fibular nerve (S1-3)
48
Brachial plexus
ventral branches C6, C7, C8, T1, T2
- Brachiocephalic C6-7
- Suprascapular C6-7
- Subscapular C6-7
- Cranial pectoral C6-8
- Axillary C6-8
- Musculocutaneous C6-8
- Radial C6-T2
- Median C7-T1
- Ulnar C8-T2
- Dorsal thoracic C6-8
- Lateral thoracic C8-T1
- Caudal pectoral C8-T1
- Thoracodorsal C8
49
Growth plate closure - humerus
- Proximal = 10-13 mo
- Distal 6-8 mo
- Med-lat: 6 wk
- Med epicondyle: 6 mo
50
Growth plate closure - radius
- Proximal = 6-11 mo
- Distal = 8-12 mo
51
Growth plate closure - ulna
- Olecranon = 6-10 mo
- Distal = 8-12 mo
52
Growth plate closure - femur
- Proximal = 7-11 mo
- Troch major = 6-10 mo
- Troch minor = 8-13 mo
- Distal = 8-11 mo
- Trochlea = 3 mo
53
Growth plate closure - tibia
- Med-lat = 6 wk
- Proximal = 6-12 mo
- TT = 6-8 mo to condyle, 6-12 mo to shaft
- Distal = 8-11 mo
- MM = 5 mo
54
Nociception pathway
- Dorsal nerve root
- Lateral funiculi
- Continue to thalamus
55
Hypertonic saline side effects
- stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers (vagal)
- hypotension
- bradycardia
- bronchoconstriction
56
What is seen best with T2W MRI
- CSF & other fluid
- Edema
- Necrosis
- Cellular infiltration (gliosis, inflammation, neoplasia)
- Demyelination
57
What is seen best with T1W MRI
- Fat
- Methemoglobin
- Protein binding
- Gadolinium
- Ion deposition
- White matter
58
PRP theories
- increases mesenchymal stem cells & fibroblasts
- increases collagen type I
- osteopromotive
- cartilage repair
59
Biologic indicators (pertaining to sterilization)
- Steam = Geobacillus stearothermophilus
- EtOx = Bacillus atrophaeus
60
Sucralfate
- aid pH = viscous paste
- binds proteins of ulcer
- buffers acid
- absorbs bile salts
- inhibits pepsin
- increases PGs
