Misc Flashcards
Concentric Zone Theory
Concentric Circle theory, developed by Earnest Burgess in 1925, finds that growth happens by land uses expanding outward from one area to another. For example, downtown office towers expanding into a warehouse district.
The correct answer is: The use of “invasion-succession” in describing dynamics
Effluent
Effluent is the discharge of pollutants into the environment in an untreated, partially treated, or completely treated state.
enterprise fund
An enterprise fund is an account that manages the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a minor league baseball park, parking garage, or zoo.
Fixing America’s Surface Transportation
The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act has seven goals including safety, infrastructure condition, congestion reduction, system reliability, freight movement & economic vitality, environmental sustainability and reduced project delivery delays.
Hippodamus of Miletus
Hippodamus of Miletus was an ancient Greek urban planner who created grid plans for cities during the 5th century BC. His plans focused on creating order that both physically and socially ordered the city.
According to Aristotle, He is considered the pioneer of urban planning because of his plan for a city of 50,000 that addressed administrative structure, social structure, and land subdivision.
strategic plan
A strategic plan sets priorities to strengthen the operations of an organization and would be most appropriate in guiding a reorganization of functions. A performance management plan would guide the performance of individual staff members. A capital plan guides infrastructure investment, and visioning sets the broader vision for the community.
Zero-Based Budgeting.
Zero-Based Budgeting uses decision packages that can be independently decided upon for funding purposes. Start from scratch
location quotient
The location quotient compares the share of employment of an industry in a region to the national share. If the share in the region is larger than the national share, the location quotient will be larger than 1, which suggests that the industry exports out of the region. The rationale is that the national share corresponds to self-sufficiency, so if the share is larger than the national share, there is more produced than needed for self-sufficiency, so the excess is exported.
Logan and Molotch
Associated with the city as a growth machine theory
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)
The federal government’s Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program encourages the investment of private equity for developing affordable rental housing for low-income and very low-income households. It does this by awarding tax credits to taxpayers who invest in multifamily rental housing that serves these low-income households.
Mariemont, Ohio
Mariemont, Ohio is a planned community in Hamilton County, Ohio, founded in the 1920s by Mary Emery.
planned community built in 1923 foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement
The National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is America’s national charter for protection of the environment. It establishes policy, sets goals (section 101), and provides means (section 102) for carrying out policy pertaining to federal actions, funding, and permitting. It was signed into law on January 1, 1970. The EPA is an independent agency of the federal government that has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, but overseeing subdivisions is not in their domain.
The correct answer is: NEPA requires the public and private sectors to conform to certain environmental standards but only if it involves federal funding, work performed by the federal government, or permits issued by a federal agency
Net Operating Income
Net Operating Income = Gross Operating Income X (1 – the vacancy rate) – operating expenses.
Peter Calthorpe
Transit oriented development is planned and designed to locate high-demand land uses at or near the most efficient modes of transportation, like light rail lines, subway lines, and frequent, high-capacity bus routes. The concept of transit oriented development was pioneered by Peter Calthorpe who is an urban planner and founding member of the Congress for new Urbanism.
margin of error
The margin of error is a statistic about the amount of random sampling error in a survey. The larger the margin of error, the less confident one can be that the poll reported results are close to the truth for the whole population. The margin of error is reported as a confidence interval radius and this is converted to percentage points, in this case 4%.
A 95% confidence interval is a standard statistical rule-of-thumb that comes from the assumption of a normal distribution. For a normal distribution, 95% of the values are around the true mean +/- 2 standard deviations.
For the survey, the result of 52% is seen as an estimate of the true mean. But using the concept of a “confidence interval” we can give a value to how likely it is that the true mean is within +/- 2 standard deviations from the estimated mean. The margin of error of 0.04 corresponds to two standard deviations (not specified in the test question, but typically assumed). So, the answer is, we can be 95% confident that the true percentage is between 48% and 56%, i.e., within 4% from the estimate.
The 96% (as 100-4) is actually irrelevant in this context (there to throw you off), since there is no relation between 96% and the standard deviations.
The correct answer is: With 95% confidence, the estimated percentage of 52% is within 4% of the true percentage favoring the mayor’s run for a second term.
rule of 70
There is also a so-called rule of 70 (an approximation), which gives the doubling time as the ratio of 70 and the percentage growth rate (as a percentage, not a fraction): rule of 70: divide 70 by the percentage growth rate 70/12 = 5.8 ~ 6
Procedural due process
Procedural due process. Procedural due process is covered under the 14tg Amendment and provides protection against unfair process where an individual’s life, liberty, or property is concerned. States require open meetings to provide the opportunity for the public to be informed.
push analysis
determines sales capacity of a market area. A push analysis determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.
Real property
Real property consists of all land, structures, attached equipment, such as street lights, anything growing on the land, and all “interests” in the property, which ca include the right to future ownership, right to occupy for a period of time, the right to drill for oil, the right to get the property back if it is no longer used for its current purpose, use of airspace, or an easement across another’s property.
Regional input-output modeling
The Regional input-output modeling system provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis provides employment multipliers based on the North American Industrial Classification System which can be used to calculate a location quotient. A shift share analysis provides information on the region’s share of employment in an industry compared to the national share, which is not what the Mayor is looking for. mayor was concerned because plant layed off 600 ppl
Right to Farm law
All 50 states have some form of Right to Farm law, which attempts to preserve agricultural practices and make farming more viable. Right to Farm laws deny nuisance lawsuits against farmers, even if their agricultural practices harm or bother adjacent property owners. Such nuisances may include noise, odors, and visual clutter. The laws aim to minimize the threat to normal farming practices, in contrast to typical farmland preservation policies, which aim to preserve farmland itself.
Samoan Circle
A Samoan Circle is designed to permit interaction that occurs in small groups, but can be witnessed by a larger group. The meeting is set up with an inner circle of five to six chairs. The rest of the chairs are setup in concentric outer circles. Initially everyone is seated in the outer circles. People who wish to speak move to the inner circle. Once they speak they return to their original seat. The discussion continues as long as there are participants who wish to speak.
SARAR
SARAR stands for Self-esteem, Associative strength, Resourcefulness, Action planning, and Responsibility. This is a series of techniques designed to be highly visual and accessible to those who cannot read or write. Examples, include pocket charts, three pile sorting, and picture stories with gaps.
State Preemption
Preemption is when the law of a higher level of government limits the power of a lower level to regulate a particular issue. “YIMPBY” stands for “yes in my backyard” and is loosely organized as a pro-development group.
Tactical urbanism
Tactical urbanism represents an activist approach to engaging the community in the possibilities of transforming a space. Tactical urbanism focuses on making an immediate impact in a community.
Township Section Acres
Townships are subdivided into sections. Each township is six miles by six miles, township contains 36 square miles, each one forming a section. Calculations start at the end and work to the beginning of a sentence. Each section is one square mile, which is 640 acres. 1/4 of 640 is 160. 1/4 of 160 is 40 acres.
Smart Code
The Smart Code is not based on “Smart Growth” except in a very conceptual way. In the SmartCode, there are six transect zones plus one special district. There are many adaptations of the basic SmartCode template, and locally calibrated codes can have more than six zones.
Universal Design
Equity planning is best defined as working toward just and fair inclusion into a society in which all can participate, prosper, and reach their full potential. Adaptive reuse is best defined as the process of converting buildings that have outlived their original purpose to accommodate new uses. New Urbanism is best defined as planning practice that incorporates interrelated patterns of land use, transportation, and urban form to create communities that foster the most desirable characteristics of human habitation.
The process of creating buildings, products, and environments that are usable by people of all ages and physical capabilities is best defined as Universal Design
APA policy measures for addressing gentrification.
Taking a comprehensive approach to mitigation, conducting social impact assessments, and encouraging equitable development all offer ways of protecting the quality-of-life in the community and giving residents the opportunity to participate in designing their future.
Plebiscite
Direct vote on an issue
Base Map
This type of map is used as the starting point for many planning projects and shows the essential natural or man-determined features of an area
Community Benefit Agreements (CBAs)
Several CBAs have used local hiring as one of the enumerated benefits agreed upon by developers and community groups, notably including one of the first CBAs, an agreement between Staples Center developers and Los Angeles residents.
The correct answer is: Agreements cannot promise local. hiring quotas.
Aka a new development will agree to bring more jobs to the community
Choropleth maps
Choropleth maps are the best way to link statistical data to discrete geographic areas using different colors or shades of the same color.
ex: Which kind of map would work best to represent the percentage of residents below the poverty line in each Census tract?
Correlation Value
Correlation is about the strength of a “linear” relationship. It is very similar (but not identical) to the slope of a regression between the two variables.
So, a “strong” correlation would be a value close to either +1 or -1, a “weak” correlation would be a value close to 0. Strictly speaking, one would need standard errors to state whether the correlation is significant or not, but with a value of -0.85 that is likely to be significant (this is something the question should have specified). The “negative” correlation implies an inverse relationship between studying and having free time, which makes sense: if you don’t study, you have a lot of free time; if you study a lot, you don’t have free time.
Creative placemaking
Creative placemaking integrates arts, culture, and design activities into efforts that strengthen
Economic base analysis
Economic base analysis. Economic base analysis looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, such as automotive manufacturing.
Electricity Use
According to the 2008 APA Policy Guide on Planning and Climate Change, 75% of the electricity used in the country goes towards heating, cooling, and lighting buildings.
1956 Federal Highway Act
The 1956 Federal Highway Act created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities, and it also created the Highway Trust Fund to finance highway building. Sources of revenue for the Highway Trust Fund include taxes collected from vehicle sales.
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 is a United States federal law that established the General Services Administration, which is responsible for managing, acquiring, and disposing of federal property.
Revenue Bond
A revenue bond is backed by income from specific projects, such as a toll bridge or a stadium.
Municipal bonds can be classified as either revenue bonds or general obligation bonds, and general obligation bonds are backed by the general tax revenues and are generally considered safe investments. Crowd-sourced funding or foundation grants would be unlikely to generate enough funds for a project like a stadium.
General Services Administration
The General Services Administration works to dispose of excess federal property. In most cases, this land can be transferred for a public purposes.
Bureau of Reclamation
Established in 1902, the Bureau of Reclamation is best known for the dams, powerplants, and canals it constructed in the 17 western states. These water projects led to homesteading and promoted the economic development of the West.
Reclamation has constructed more than 600 dams and reservoirs including Hoover Dam on the Colorado River and Grand Coulee on the Columbia River.The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public.
Mobility as a Service
Difference between basic and non-basic empryment
- Basic or export employment brings in money from outside the region
- non- basic or local / service empryment recirculates the curside money win the region
Georges-Eugene Haussmann
Haussmann was responsible for the recreation of Paris into what it looks like today. His efforts to recreate the city were met with fierce resistance, which ultimately resulted in his firing. Corbusier is a 20th century French architect. Gabriel designed the Palace of Versailles in the 18th century. Garnier, a
19th century architect, designed the casino of Monte Carlo and the Paris Opera House.
The American Planning Association created which of the following documents to encourage. states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA’s seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S.
The American Planning Association created which of the following documents to encourage. states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts?
Capital Improvement Plan
A CIP program is an administrative device for scheduling income sources and amounts against outgo for permanent public construction projects on a year-by year basis, usually projecting five to six years ahead and being revised each year or every two years.
CIB (budget) only one year
According to “Planning and Urban Design Standards,” a capital improvements program (CIP) is typically a five- to seven-year plan for planning and funding public facilities and infrastructure. It includes both the construction of new facilities and the rehabilitation or replacement of existing capital facilities. A key element is the link between growth in a community and timing of capital investments also known as concurrency.
The correct answer is: land acquisitions and concurrency
