MIS 10-14 Flashcards
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
know as the “waterfall model” is a series of well defined phrases performed in sequence that serves as a framework for developing a system or project
Planning Phase
One of the most crucial phases of the SDLC model, the systems designer must define symptoms rather than the underlying problem
Internal Users
Employees who will use the system regularly and they can offer important feedback on the system’s strengths and weaknesses
External Users
Not employees but do uses the system: they include customers, contractors, suppliers, and other business partners. Although they are normally part of the task force their input is essential
Joint Application Design (JAD)
a collective activity involving users, top management, and IT professionals. It centers on a structured workshop where users and system professionals come together to develop an application
Feasibility Study
analyzes a proposed solutions feasibility and determines how best to present the solution to management. It usually has five major dimensions: economic, technical, operational, scheduling, and legal
Economic Feasibility
assesses a system’s costs and benefits
Technical Feasibility
concerned with the technology to be used in the systems. The team needs to assess whether the technology to support the new system is available or feasible to implement
Operational Feasibility
the measure of how well the proposed solution will work in the organization and how internal and external customers will react to it
Scheduling Feasibility
Concerned with whether the new system can be completed in time
Legal Feasibility
concerned with legal issues including political repercussions and meeting the requirements of the Information Privacy Act
Requirements-Gathering And Analysis Phase
analysts define the problem and generate alternatives for solving it
Design Phase
analysts choose the solution that is the most realistic and offers the highest payoff for the organisation. Details of the proposed solution are outlining and the output of this phase is a document with exact specifications for implementing the system, including files and databases forms and reports, documentation, procedures, hardware and software, networking components, and general system specifications.
Computer-Aided System Engineering (CASE)
Tools automate parts of the application development process. These tools are particularly helpful for investigation and analysis in large-scale projects because they automate parts of the design phase
Prototyping
small-scale version of the system is developed but one that is large enough to illustrate the system’s benefits and allow users to offer feedback
Proof-Of-Concept Prototype
show users how to a particular task that was not technically feasible can be done
Selling Prototype
Used to sell a proposed system to users or management by showing some of its benefits
Implementation Phase
the solution is transferred from paper to action and the team configures the system and procures components for it
Parallel Conversion
the old and new systems run simultaneously for a short time to ensure the new system works correctly
Phased-In-Phased-Out Conversion
as each module of the new system is converted the corresponding part of the old system is retired. the process continues until the entire system is operational
Plunge (Direct Cutover) Conversion
the old system is stopped and the new one is implemented
Pilot Conversion
the analyst introduces the system in only a limited area of the organisation such as a division or department. IF the system works correctly it is implemented in the rest of the organisation in stages or all at onces
Request For Proposal (RFP)
A written document with detailed specifications that is used to request bids for equipment, supplies, or services from vendors
Request for Information (RFI)
a screening document for gathering vendor information and narrowing the list of potential vendors. It can help manage the selection of vendors by focusing on the project requirements that are crucial to selecting vendors
Insourcing
happens when an organizations team develops the system internally
Self-Sourcing
when end users develop their own informations systems, with little or no formal assistance from the information systems team. These users might not know how to write programming code but they are typically skilled enough to use off-the-shelf software such as spreadsheet and database packages to produce customer built applications
Outsourcing
an organization hires an external vendor or consultant who specializes in providing development services
Crowdsourcing
the process of outsourcing tasks that are traditionally performed by employees or contractors to a large group of people through an open call
Maintenance Phase
the information system is operating, enhancements and modification to the system have been developed and tested, and the hardware and software components have been added or replaced
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
a philosophy and a software and system development methodology that focuses on the development, use, and reuses of small self contained blocks of codes to meet the software needs of an organization
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
concentrates on user involvement and continuous interaction between users and designers. It combines the planning and analysis phases into one phase and develops a prototype of the system it uses and iterative process that repeats the design, development and testing steps as needed, based on feedback from users
Extreme Programming (XP)
a method for developing software applications and information system projects in which the project is divided into smaller functions and developers cannot go on to the next phase until the current phase is finished, Each function of the overall project is developed in a step by step fashion
Pair Programming
where two programmers participate in one development effort at one workstation. Each programmer performs the action the other is not currently doing
Agile Methodology
similiar to XP in focusing on an incremental development process and timely delivery of working software. However, there is less emphasis on team coding and more emphasis on limiting the project’s scope
Enterprise System
an application used in all functions of a business and that supports decision making throughout the organization
Supply Chain
an integrated network consisting of an organization, its supplies, transportation companies, and brokers used to deliver goods and services to customers
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
the process of working with suppliers and other partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for delivering products and services
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
enables business partners to send and receive information on business transactions
E-Marketplace
a third-party (B2B model) that provides a platform for buyers and sellers to interact with each other and trade more efficiently online
Online Auction
brings tradition auctions to customers around the globe and makes it possible to sell far more goods and services that at a traditional auction
Reverse Auction
invites sellers to submit bits for products and services. In other words there is one buyer and many sellers a one to many relationship. the buyer can choose the seller that offers the service or product at the lowest price
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)
used to coordinate supply chain members through point of sale data sharing and joint planning
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
consists of the processes a company users to track and organize its contracts with customers. It improves services offered to customers and used customer contact information for targeted marketing
Personalization
the processes of satisfying customers needs, building customer relationships, and increasing profits by designing goods and service that meet customers preferences better. It involves not only customers requests but also the interaction between customers and the company
Customization
allows customers to modify the standard offering, such as selecting a different homepage to be displayed each time you open your web browser
Collaborative Filtering (CF)
a search for specific information or patterns, using input from multiple business partners and data sources. It Identifies groups of people based on common interests and recommends products or services based on what members of the group purchased and did not purchase
Knowledge Management (KM)
draws on concepts of organizational learning, organizational culture, and best practices to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, create a knowledge sharing culture in an organization, and eliminate obstacles to sharing knowledge
Enterprise Resourcing Planning (ERP)
an integrated system that collects and processes data and manages and coordinates resources, information, and functions throughout and organization
Structured Decisions
programmable tasks, can be automated because a well defined standard operating procedure exists for these types of decisions
Semistructured Decisions
include a structured aspect that benefits from information retrieval, analytical models, and information systems technology
Unstructured Decisions
typically one time decisions, with no standard operating procedure pertaining to them
Management Support Systems (MSS)
the different types of information systems that have been developed to support certain aspects and types of decisions. Each type of this is designed with unique goals and objectives
Intelligence Phase
a decisions maker examines the organizations environment for conditions that need decisions. Data is collected from a variety of sources, internal and external, and processed. From this informat the decisions maker can discover ways to approach the problem
Design Phase
the objective is to define criteria for the decisions, generate alternatives for meeting the criteria, and define associations between the criteria and the alternatives
Choice Phase
the best and most effect course of action is chosen
Implementation Phase
the organization devises a plan for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtains the resources to implement the plan
Decision Support System (DSS)
an interactive information system consisting of hardware, software data, and models (mathematical and statistical) designed to assist decisions makers in an organization. Its three major components are a data base, a model base, and a user interface
Model Base
this component includes mathematical and statistical models that along with the database enable a DSS to analyze information
Managerial Designer
defines the management issues in designing and using a DSS. These issues do not involve the technological aspects of the system, they are related to managements goals and needs
Technical Designer
focuses on how the DSS is implemented and usually addresses questions about data storage, file structure, user access, reponse time, and security measures
Model Builder
the liaison between users and designers, They are responsible for supplying information on what the model does, what data inputs it accepts, how the models output should be interpreted and what assumptions go into creating and using the model
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
branches of DSSs are interactive information systems that give executives easy access to internal and external data and typically include drill down features and a digital dashboard for examining and analyzing information
Digital Dashboard
integrates information from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, often as charts and graphs. It offers up to the minute snapshots of information and assists decisions maker in identifying trends and potential problems
Group Support Systems (GSS)
assist decision makers working groups. These system use computer and communication technologies to formulate, process, and implement a decisions making task and can be considered a kind of intervention technology that helps overcome the limitation of group interactions
Groupware
assist groups in communicating, collaborating, and coordinating their activities. It is a collection of applications that supports decisions makers by providing access to shared environment and information
Electronic Meeting Systems
enable decision makers in different locations to participate in a group decision making process
Geographic Information System (GIS)
captures, stores, processes, and displays geographic information or information in a geographic context, such as showing the location of all city streetlights on a map
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
consists of related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human through behavior, including thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning. These technologies apply computer to areas that require knowledge, perception, reasoning, understanding, and cognitive abilities
Robots
one of the most successful applications of AI. They perform well at simple, repetitive tasks and can be used to free workers from tedious or hazardous jobs.
Expert Systems
mimic human expertise in a particular field to solve a problem in a well defined area
Knowledge Acquisition Facility
a software package with manual and automated methods for acquiring and incorporating new rules and facts so the expert system is capable of growth
Knowledge Base
similar to a database, but in addition to storing facts and figures it keeps track of rules and explanations associated with facts
Knowledge Base Management System (KBMS)
similar to DBMS, is used to keep the knowledge base updates, with changes to facts, figures, and rules
Backward Chaining
the expert system starts with the goal - the then part - and backtracks to find the right solution
Explanation Facility
performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how recommendations are derived
Interence Engine
similar to the model base component of a decision support system. BY using different techniques, such as forward and backward chaining it manipulates a series of rules
Forward Chaining
a series of “if-then-else” condition pairs is performed
Case-based Reasoning (CBR)
a problem solving technique that matches and new case/problem with a previously solved case and its solution, both stored in a database. After searching for a match, the system offers a solution, if no match is found even after supplying more information, the human expert must solve the problem
Intelligent Agents
software capable of reasoning and following rule-base processes, they are becoming more popular, especially in ecommerce
Monitoring and Surveillance Agents
usually track and report on computer equipment and network systems to predict what a system crash or failure might occur
Fuzzy Logic
allows a smooth, gradual transition between human and computer vocabularies and deals with variations in linguistic terms by using a degree of membership
Shopping and Information Agents
help users navigate through the vast resources available on the Web and provide better results in finding information. These agents can navigate the Web much faster than humans and gather more consistent, detailed information. They can serve as search engines, site reminders, or personal surfing assistants.
Personal Agents
perform specific tasks for a user, such as remembering information for filling out Web forms or completing email addresses after the first few characters are typed
Data-Mining Agents
work with a data warehouse, detecting trends and discovering new information and relationships among data items that were not readily apparent
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
networks that learn and are capable of performing tasks that are difficult with conventional computers, such as playing chess, recognizing patterns in faces and objects and filtering spam email
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
this was developed so users could communicate with computers in human language
Genetic Algorithms (GAs)
search algorithms that mimic the process of nature evolution. They are used to generate solutions to optimization and search problems using such techniques as mutation, selection, crossover, and chromosome
Contextual Computing
refers to the computing environment that is always present, can feel our surroundings, and based on who we are, where we are, and whom we are with offer recommendations
Pull Technology
a users states a need before getting information, as when a URL is entered in a web browser so the user can go to a certain website
Push Technology
known as webcasting, a Web server delivers information to users (who have signed up for this service) instead of waiting for users to request the information be sent to them
Virtual Reality
uses computer generated, three dimensional images to create the illusion of interaction in a real world environment
Application Service Providers
provide access to software or services for a fee
Software as a Service (SaaS)
also knowns as on-demand software is a model for ASPs to deliver software to users for a fee, the software is for temporary or long term use
Exocentric Environment
the user is given a window view. Dara is still rendered in 3D but users can only view it on screen. they cannot interact with objects as in an egocentric environments
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)
a virtual environment consisting of a cube shaped room in which the walls are rear projection screens. they are holographic devices that create, capture, and display images in the the 3D form
Egocentric Environment
the user is totally immersed in the VR world
Virtual World
a simulated environment designed for users to interact with one another via avatars
Avatar
a 2D or 3D graphical representation of a person in the virtual world, used in chat rooms and online games
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
this is a tag that is a small device consisting of a small chip and an antenna. This device provides a unique identification for the card or the object carrying the tag
QR (quick response) Code
a matrix barcode consisting of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a white background
Wireless Fidelity (WI-FI)
a broadband wireless technology information can be transmitted over short distances- typically 120 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors - the form of radio waves
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
a broadband wireless techology base on the IEEE standards. IT is designed for wireless metropolitan area networks and usually has a range of about 30 miles for fixed stations and 3-10 for mobile stations
Bluetooth
can be used to create a personal area network (PAN) is a wireless technology for transferring data over a short distance usually 30 feet for fixed and mobile devices
Utility (On-Demand) Computing
the provisions of IT services on demand. Users pay for computing or stage resources on as as needed basis, similar to the way one pays for utilities such as heat and water
Cloud Computing
incorporates under one platform many recent technologies including the SaaS model, Web 2.0 grid computing, and utility computing, hence a variet of resources can be provided to users over the internet
Grid Computing
involves combining the processing powers of a various computers. With this configuration users can make use of other computers resources to solve problems involving large scale, complex calculations, such as circuit analysis or mechanical design- problems that a single computer is not capable of solving in a timely manner
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
also called hardware as a service is a type of cloud computing, where by computer infrastructure such as storage, hardware, servers, and networking components are delivered as a service
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
provides a computer platform and a solution as a service. Clients use the platform and environment to build applications and services over the internet
Nanotechology
incorporates techniques that involve the structure and composition of materials on a nanoscale
