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POD Exam 2 > Mirobiology > Flashcards

Mirobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hansen’s Disease

A

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae and has two forms

Tuberculoid - Formation of skin plaques
Treated w/ Dapsone/Rifampin

Lepromatous- Highly contagious and primarily affects the limbs
Treated w/ Dapsone/Rifampin/Clofazime

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2
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Shootout at TB Corral)

A

GPR, non-spore forming, acid fast, obligate aerobe

Can be visualized w/ Auramine stain

Nitrate (+)

  • Acquired thru inhalation of respiratory droplets; will proliferate in alveolar macrophages
  • Treated w/

R(ifampin)
I(sonazaid)
S(treptomycin)
E(thambutol)

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3
Q

Stages of M. tuberculosis infxn

A

Primary- affects the lungs and forms calcifications that can be seen on an x-ray

Miliary- Causes multi-organ failure; usually happens in CF pts.

Latent- Occurs in immunocompromised pts due to decreased TNF-a release
*Hemoptysis and Night sweats=classic sign
Cachexia will occur

Treatment: Rifampin/Isonaizid/Ethambutol

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4
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Knight “Numero Uno”)

A

GP diplococci, encapsulated, a-hemolytic

Bile solubility (+)

Catalase (-)

*Optochin (S)

Quellung Rxn: (+)

VFs: Pneumolysin- destroys ciliated epithelial cells
Adhesins
IgA proteases

*#1 cause of: Meningitis
Otitis Media
Pneumonia (community-acquired)
Sinusitis

Treatment- Penicillin G
-Vaccine available for immunocompromised

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5
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

GPC, B-hemolytic, sialic acid on capsule

Bacitracin (R)

CAMP test (+)-will see satellite growth of S. aureus

Common cause of neonatal meningitis (NF of vaginal tract)
Early onset=»High mortality rate, common in premature infants
Late onset=» You’ll be alright, probably

Treatment: (Penicillin/Erythromycin,)

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6
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (Pie Baker)

A

GPC, B-hemolytic, encapsulated

Contains M-protein that prevents phagocytosis and F-protein which mediates adherence to mucoepithelium by binding fibronectin

Streptolysin O => (+) ASO test

Bacitracin (S)

Common cause of: Scarlet-Fever, Erysipela, Pharyngitis, Necrotizing fascitis

Sequelae of pharyngitis: RHD (cross-reactivity w/ myosin in heart)
AGN

Treatment: Penicillin

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7
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus (Moses)

A

GPC, Coag (+) (activates fibrinogen), yellow-appearance on blood agar

Enterotoxins =»food-poisoning w/ rapid developing vomiting

TSST-1 =» Toxic-Shock Syndrome; assoc. w/ tampon use

Panton-Valentine Leukocidin: Causes lysis of macrophages and PMNs

Protein A-Component of cell wall that binds Ig

Mannitol Salt agar- grows yellow

*Common cause of acute bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users
And
Septic arthritis

*Can also cause scalded-skin syndrome w/ (+) Nikolsky’s sign

Treatment: Topical-cephalosporin or penicillinase-resistant penicillin; Blood- Vancomycin

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8
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

GNR, non-motile, common UTI cause

*Also a common cause of nosocomial pneumonia

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9
Q

Shigella (She-gorilla)

A

GNR, facultative anaerobe, acid-stabile

*most infectious intestinal pathogen

Lactose (-)

H2S (-)

Performs Type III secretion => release of inflammatory cytokines

*Shiga toxin causes HUS and `cleaves the 28sRNA of ribosome

Test: methylene blue stain of feces; look for PMNs

Treatment: Fluid and electrolyte replacement
-If sever enough, Ciprofloxacin

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10
Q

Reiter’s Disease

A

Caused by Shigella sp.

Will see arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis

*Most pts are male and HLA-B27 positive

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11
Q

Salmonella sp. (Salmon dinner)

A

GNR, motile, encapsulated, and acid-labile

H2S (+)

Hektoen Agar => Grows black

Performs Type III secretion

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12
Q

Typhoid Fever

A

Caused by Salmonella typhi

Will see rose-colored spots appear on pt.

Invades lymphatics and is carried into the blood =» Facultative intracellular organism

Treatment: FQN
-Live attenuated vaccine available

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13
Q

Escherichia coli (E. cola’s Soda Fountain)

A

GNR, B-hemolytic

Lactose (+)

Indole spot test (+)

Nitrate (+)

Catalase (+)

*Contains p-fimbriae which binds to P-antigen on RBCs (Pyelonephritis pili)

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14
Q

EHEC

A

O157:H7

Cause of Hemolytic uremic syndrome
-Production of Shiga-like toxin that inhibits 60s ribosome
=»Bloody diarrhea, cramps

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15
Q

ETEC

A

Cause of WATERY diarrhea and is transmitted via infected h2o sources

Has a heat labile (inhibits cAMP) and heat stabile (inhibits cGMP) toxin

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16
Q

Bordetella pertussis (Board and Care)

A

GN cocco-bacillus

*Binds to mucocilliary escalator via hemaglutinnin

Oxidase (+)

DFA test => Sensitive but not selective

*Toxins: Pertussis- inhibits Gi via ribosylation
Invasive AC- increases cAMP opening ion channels and expelling intracellular materials

Treatment: Erythromycin

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17
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudo Mona)

A

GNR, obligate aerobe, encapsulated

Green pigment=pyoverdin; Blue pigment=pyocyanin

Oxidase (+)

VFs: Exotoxin A => inhibits protein synthesis
Exoenzyme S- required for dissemination in burn patients
Alginate- Promotes adherence to respiratory epithelium
Elastase- Breaks down ECM proteins; under influence of quorum sensing process

Common causes folliculitis from contact w/ unclean water (hot tubs)

Common cause of Swimmer’s Ear, septicemia in burn pts, and ecthyma gangrenosum

Treatment: Piperacillin, Fluoroquinolones, AGCs

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18
Q

Mycobacterium Leprae (Good, Bad, and Lion-Faced)

A

GPR, non-spore forming, acid fast

  • diagnosed by AFB stain
  • person-to-person transmission

Reservoir = Armadillo

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19
Q

Staph MRSA

A

mecA gene responsible for resistance is located on the

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20
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

CNS

Transmitted thru infected catheter; commonly infects previously damaged or artificial heart valves

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21
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

CNS

Novobiocin (R)

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22
Q

Anti-DNase B

A

Important marker in S. pyogenes infxns; depolymerizes cell free DNA in pus

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23
Q

Strep. viridans (Knight “Numero Uno”)

A

1 cause of acute bacterial endocarditis

GPC, a-hemolytic

Optochin: (R)

Central role in dental caries

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24
Q

Enterococcus (VRE)

A

GPC, can hydrolyze esculin

Bacitracin: (R)

Bile solubility: (-)

VFs: Aggregation substance
Carbohydrate adhesins
Cytolysins
Antibiotic resistance (AGCs, Beta-lactams, and Vancomycin)

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25
Proteus mirabilis
Can cause UTI and large amounts of urease in the bacteria will cause the ppt. of calcium =>>Kidney stones
26
Pseudomonas infxn in CF lung
Type III hypersensitivity =>>Immune complexes stimulate macrophages excessively and cause tissue damage
27
Caveats of PPD test
- Cross reactivity w/ other Mycobacterium species - IC pts. may not react - (+) test if received BCG vaccine
28
Most common Mycobacterium infxn in AIDS pts
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare -Readily diagnosed in blood
29
Mycobacterium kansasii
Forms yellow colonies; somewhat common in AIDS pts. Found in the South
30
Neisseria meningitidis
GN-diplococci; non-motile, aerobic; grows best on chocolate agar VFs: Porins A and B (B facilitates epithelial invasion and inhibits leukocyte fnxn) LOS Transferrin-Binding Protein *Complement deficiences => Increased risk of infxn Labs: Culture= Gold Standard Growth on MTM agar CTA: Can utilize glucose and maltose Treatment: Ceftriaxone; prophylaxis of contacts also necessary
31
Meningococcemia
Severe circulatory collapse w/ DIC, purpuric rash, ischemia of the extremities, and fever =>Can also lead to Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
32
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Organism w/ cel membrane lacking muramic acid; visualized w/ Giemsa Stain Serotypes A-C => Trachoma (most common cause of blindness worldwide) Serotypes D-K => STD; can be asymptomatic in women but lead to PID and neonatal conjunctivitis if transmitted to a baby during childbirth Serotypes L1-L3 => LGV; starts off as painless ulcer, progresses to tender lymphadenopathy Treatment: Doxycycline -Erythromycin in neonatal pneumonia/conjunctivitis
33
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
*Has no cell wall but membrane contains sterols (like a persons) VF: P1 binds glycoprotein on cilia =>>Destruction of ciliated epithelial cells *ACTS AS A SUPER-ANTIGEN; stimulates excess TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6 release Increased incidence in young people in close contact -Military recruits - Can also cause erythema multiforme and Steven-Johnson syndrome * X-rays show severe, patchy infiltrate, however, patient only has walking pneumonia Treatments: Macrolides
34
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (not on exam 2)
GN-diplococci; non-encapsulated Causes PID, DGI, and asymmetric arthritis * Opthalmia neonatorium in newborns - Pili are used to deter neutrophilic digestion and undergoes antigenic vriation Treatment: Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin (for concurrent Chalmydia infxn)
35
Haemophilus influenzae
tiny GNR that requires X and V factors Non-typeable strains => Unencapsulated; produced minor infxns like sinusitis Typeable strains => Encapsulated; produce major invasive infxns (Hib) VFs: OMPs P2 and P5- bind bacteria to mucous LPS Pili *Invades by separating tight jnxns of columnar epithelium Labs: Staph-Spot Test => Satellite growth Grows best on chocolate agar Treatment: PRP vaccine Ceftriaxone if serious
36
Hib Meningitis
Most common cause of infant meningitis prior to immunization Long term sequelae include developmental abnormalities, visual defects, and hearing loss *Increased risk of infxn if...=> complement deficient Post-splenectomy No anti-PRP abs
37
Hib Epiglottitis
Abrupt onset of fever, sore throat, and dysphagia * Pts. often DROOL too - May require emergency nasotracheal intubation
38
Hib Arthritis
Often affects a single large joint; treatment requires surgical drainage
39
Histamines
Source: Mast cells, basophils, platelets Action: Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, platelet activation
40
Prostaglandins
Source: Mast cells, PMNs Action: Vasodilation, Pain (PGE2), Fever (PGE2)
41
Leukotrienes
Source: Mast cells, PMNs Action: Increased permeability, Chemotaxis (LTB4), PMN Activation
42
TNFa, IL-1, IL-6
Source: Macrophages, Mast cells, Endothelial cells Action: Fever, Hypotension, Endothelial activation
43
Platelet Activation Factor
Source: PMNs, Mast cells Action: Increased vascular permeability, platelet activation, degranulation of platelets, vasodilation
44
Kinins
Source: Liver Actions: Pain, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability
45
Facets of a Granuloma
Inner focus of granulomatous inflammation Central collection of epithelioid cells* (characteristic) Surrounding lymphs and possible caseating necrosis *Epithelioid cells can combine to form giant cells
46
CGD of Infancy
Deficiency off NADPH oxidase => chronic infxns
47
Echinocandins
Inhibitors of glucan synthesis
48
Nikkomycin
Inhibitor of chitin synthesis
49
Sodarins
Inhibitors of fungal protein synthesis
50
Candida albicans
Yeast @ 25 degrees; Mold at 37 degrees VFs: Adherence to tissues Germ tube production (proteinase) Gliotoxin (immunosuppresant) Dimorphic properties Diagnosis: Calcoflour white prep. w/ KOH; should see pseudohyphae *Germ-tube test faster Treatment: Fluconazole OR mouthwash if only oral candidiasis
51
Oesophageal candidiasis
Severe cottage-cheese appearance of fungi on tongue and down esophagus; occurs in IC EXCEPTION- Women can get vaginal candidiasis on antibiotic therapy
52
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Chronic, non-invasive infxns of mucous membranes, hair, and nails due to insufficient T-cell levels -Requires multiple anti-fungal treatments
53
Aspergillosis
Causes a variety of nosocomial acquired, invasive infxns -Most common are of the bronchi or pulmonary parenchyma Diagnosis: Rapid growth on potato agar Histological ID of septate, dichotomously branching hyphae Immunological ID Treatment: Amphotericin-B or 5-flucystoine for invasive forms
54
Mucormycosis (Rhizopus)
Aseptate, non-staining, ribbon-like hyphae that bend at right angles *Outbreaks assoc. w/ use of infected bandages or taping Clinically similar to Aspergillus *Seen w/ hospital construction exposure, organ transports, immunosuppression theraopy Treatment: Amphotericin-B
55
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
Invasive disease common in severely burnt patients that is accompanied by facial pain, headache, dilated pupil, and a change in mental status * Due to fungi infecting the nasal cavity and spreading to the nearby soft tissue * Terminal event in patients with acidosis or diabetes
56
Cryptococcus neoformans
Major opportunistic organism in AIDS pts. and most common cause of fungal meningitis *Pulmonary infections will appear nodular Diagnosis: India Ink (+) Niger-seed agar (+) Urease (+) Phenol oxidase (+) - blocks Epinephrine Budding, encapsulated yeast cells *Latex agglutination test (most common) Treatment: (Induction Therapy) Amphotericin-B + Flucystosine -2 weeks (Consolodation Therapy) Oral fluconazole or itraconazole - 8 weeks *If AIDS pt, should take follow-up CSF samples at the end of therapies and for a year; CULTURE THESE
57
Pneumocystis Carinii
Resembles protozoa and fungi; often the first infxn to present in AIDS pts Diagnosis: Methenamine Silver-stain => Cup-shaped organism *Often presents as walking pneumonia Treatment: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
58
Viral ether sensitivity
Enveloped viruses EXCEPT Poxvirus
59
Non-infectious viruses
Either have empty capsids or under-go faulty maturation
60
Pox Virus Envelope
Is not received by budding; is more complex and synthesizes its envelope in the cytoplasm
61
Defective Interfering Proteins
Produced after high MOI cells and cannot replicate on their own due to lack of all of their NAs =>> Require "helper virus" to complete its defective genome *Interacts more strongly with polymerase than the full-length helper virus and leads to persistent infections
62
Viral destruction of cell polysomes
Poliovirus
63
Negri bodies
Inclusion bodies formed from rabies virus
64
Guarnieri bodies
Inclusion bodies formed from smallpox virus
65
Only single-stranded DNA virus
Parvovirus
66
Only Double-stranded RNA virus
Reoviridae
67
Active Trachoma
Presence of yellow follicles on the upper conjunctiva along w/ the presence of Herbert's pits in the cornea
68
Cicatricial Disease
Evidence of pannus, trichiasis, and corneal opacity =>>blindness
69
Chlamydia cervicitis
Visible mucopurulent discharge along w/ erythematous and febrile cervix *Can present alongside Fitzburgh-Hugh Syndrome
70
Fitzburgh-Hugh Syndrome
Perihepatitis w/ inflammation of the liver capsule that is seen w/ C. trachomatis infxns
71
Parinaud oculoglandular Syndrome
Conjunctivitis alongside periaucular, submandibular, and cervical lymphadenopathy -Caused by LGV serotypes of Chlamydia
72
Herpes family
a= HSV, VSV b=CMV y=EBV
73
Herpesvirus structure
Double-stranded, enveloped, iscosahedral
74
Four configurations of Herpes DNA
Prototype, Inverted Short (IS), Inverted Long (IL), Inverted short and long (ISL) *Only one type of DNA per viral particle
75
Extracellular receptor for HSV
Heparan sulfate
76
Immediate herpesvirus protein synthesis
a =>>regulatory proteins
77
Early herpesvirus proteins
b =>>enzymatic and needed for DNA replication
78
Late herpesvirus proteins
y =>> structural and used to synthesize the progeny virus
79
EIEC
Invades at the M-cells and produces dysentery-like diarrhea
80
Hemadsorption
RBCs attach to the surface of infected cells via the viral antigens of hemagluttinin that are being presented
81
TCID50
The dilution of virus at which 50% of tissue cultures are showing CPE
82
Herpes virus DNA replication
After moving into the nucleus, the DNA circularizes at internal redundancies and undergoes rolling replication
83
Where does formation of the herpes virus capsule occur?
The nucleus
84
Common CPE of herpesvirus
Multi-nuclear end giant cells

POD Exam 2 (3 decks)

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