Minkoff Ch. 1

Question 1

hypotheses

Answer 1

a tentative explanation of events that occur or of how something works

Question 2

Which is most critical for science?

Answer 2

the degree to which an idea is testable

Question 3

Define theory

Answer 3

a cluster of related hypotheses that share a common language and a common subject matter

Question 4

Why is it easier to argue that you have falsified a hypothesis rather than a theory?

Answer 4

Theories develop after the results of many tests have accumulated.

Question 5

experimental sciences

Answer 5

sciences that rely primarily on hypothesis testing by means of experiments

Question 6

naturalistic sciences

Answer 6

based primarily on naturalistic observation rather than experiment

Question 7

paradigm

Answer 7

includes a strong belief in the truth of one or more theories and the associated theoretical entities

Question 8

normal science

Answer 8

science that proceeds by the piecemeal discovery and gradual accumulation of new but small findings

Question 9

paradigm shifts

Answer 9

the infrequent event of a paradigm opening a new field of investigation or rejuvinating an old one

Question 10

anomoly

Answer 10

an observation that does not fit into a particular paradigm

Question 11

scientific revolution

Answer 11

an entire paradigm is discarded and a new one replaces it

Question 12

deontological system of ethics

Answer 12

a type of ethics in which the rightness or wrongness of an act is judged without reference to its consequences

Question 13

utilitarian system of ethics

Answer 13

acts are judged right or wrong according to their consequences