Minimum Q Flashcards
1
Q
- Symptoms and clinical features of diffuse otitis externa
A
Symptoms: -earache -external part of ear canal is painful (especially the tragus) -discharge, itching -ear congestion, hearing loss -fever is uncommon Clinical findings: -swelling and hyperemia of the skin of the ear canal -serous or purulent discharge -accumulation of debris in ear canal -tympanic membrane appears to be normal
2
Q
- Symptoms and clinical features of Acute Otitis Media (AOM) suppurative form
A
Symptoms: -earache -hearing loss -nasal discharge and congestion -fever, malaise -if perforation present-otorrhea Clinical findings: -ear canal appears to be normal -hyperemia of tympanic membrane -later in the course of the disease-marked bulging of TM, subsequently spontaneous perforation can develop
3
Q
- Causes of acute hearing loss
A
Conductive type:
- wax, foreign body
- acute tubal occlusion, otitis media (OME/AOM)
- trauma (eg TM perforation)
Sensorineural type:
- noise (acute) induced hearing loss
- viral infection
- vascular causes
- toxic damage (medication, chemicals)
- traumas
4
Q
- What is to be done in the case of acute sensorineural hearing loss?
A
In case of acute sensorineural hearing loss, Immediate IV nootropic/vasodilating therapy or steroid bolus treatment is necessary with hospitalization; meanwhile detailed investigation is required to be carried out to clarify the etiology. The earlier treatment is started, the better the outcome is.
5
Q
- Recognition of hearing loss in childhood
A
Signs of hearing loss in childhood:
- newborn does not react to sounds
- tone of crying is unusual
- babbling period does not appear
- visual orientation is dominant
- speech development is delayed
- tone, pitch, intensity, melody and rhythm of speech is pathologic
- articulation disorders
- worse reading and writing skills
6
Q
- Causes of ear pain
A
Primary otalgia:
-otitis
-tumors of the ear
Referred ear pain:
-tumors and inflammation of the larynx, pharynx, tonsils, base of tongue
-dental inflammation, TMJ syndrome, neuralgic pain
7
Q
- Complications of acute otitis media (AOM)
A
EXTRACRANIAL Intratemporal: -acute mastoiditis -zygomaticitis -petrositis -facial nerve palsy -labyrinthitis Extratemporal: -abscess-subperiosteal, preauricular, suboccipital, Bezold’s abscess INTRACRANIAL -extradural abscess -sinus phlebitis-sinus thrombosis -subdural abscess -meningitis, encephalitis -brain abscess GENERAL-sepsis
8
Q
- Clinical features and symptoms of acute mastoiditis
A
- associated with or following AOM
- the pinna is pushed forward
- retroauricular pain, erythema
- posterior wall of the external ear canal is swollen, seems to be lowered
- pulsating, severe pain
- pulsating otorrhea
9
Q
- Causes of unilateral otitis media with effusion (OME) in adults and childhood
A
Chronic dysfunction of Eustachian tube (adenoid vegetation or nasopharyngeal tumor)
In adults, the possibility of nasopharyngeal tumor must not be left out of consideration!
10
Q
- How to diagnose vertigo caused by vestibular disorders
A
Patient history:
-type of vertigo (sensation of spinning or falling)
-vegetative symptoms, nausea, vomiting
Examination:
-deviation
-spontaneous nystagmus and nystagmus provoked by head movements
11
Q
- Causes of peripheral facial palsy (list)
A
- Bell’s palsy
- Herpes zoster oticus
- Other viral or bacterial infections (HSV, EBV, Lyme)
- acute and chronic middle ear diseases (acute and chronic middle ear infections, cholesteatoma, rarely tumors)
- tumors of the pontocerebellar angle, vestibular schwannoma
- cranial traumas (pyramid bone fractures) extratemporal traumas
- malignant tumors of parotid gland
12
Q
- Primary management of epistaxis/nosebleeding (at home/ambulance/by GP)
A
- the patient should lean forward with open mouth, firm digital pressure should be applied to both nasal alae for 10 minutes
- ephedrine/nasal drop/vasoconstrictor solution-imbibed cotton or spongostan should be applied in nasal cavity
- cold compress should be applied to the nape of the neck and to the nasal dorsum
- blood pressure measurement, antihypertensive treatment if needed
13
Q
- Management of epistaxis/nosebleeding (anterior, posterior)by ENT professionals
A
- blood pressure measurement, antihypertensive treatment if needed
- visible bleeding source: chemical cauterization (trichloroacetate, silver nitrate) or coagulation (bipolar electrocoagulation)
- anterior nasal bleeding: anterior nasal packing
- posterior nose bleeding: posterior nasal packing (Bellocq tamponade) balloon catheter
14
Q
- Management and complications of nasal folliculitis and furuncles
A
- circumscript folliculitis: local therapy with antibiotic and steroid containing creams, vapor coverage
- the patient should be told not to pick or squeeze lesions
- for furunculosis and/or phlegmonous reaction, parenteral antibiotics should be administered, along with vapor coverage
- the infection is usually caused by S. Aureus
- possible complications: facial phlegmone, angular vein thrombophlebitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis
15
Q
- Types of rhinitis (list)
A
- common infections: simple acute rhinitis, purulent rhinitis
- specific forms of rhinitis: TB, sypilis, sarcoidosis
- allergic rhinitis
- atrophic rhinitis (oezena)
- rhinitis sicca anterior
- other causes : idiopathic, vasomotoric, hormonal, drug-induced, rhinitis medicamentosa, occupational (caused by irritants), foodstuffs (must name 3 form “other”)
