Mini Test 4 Flashcards
What are the three functional classes of joints? Give two examples of each.
synarthrotic: immovable joint; skull sutures, sternocostal joint
amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable joint; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
diarthrotic: freely moveable joints; elbow, shoulder
What are the three structural classes of joints? Give 2 examples of each.
fibrous joints: made of fibrous connective tissue; skull sutures, syndesmosis between radius and ulna
cartilaginous joints: made of fibrocartilage; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
synovial joints: made from ligaments and encased in synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid; elbow, shoulder
Explain the structure of a synovial joint and draw a diagram.
Diagram must include:
joint cavity/synovial fluid
synovial membrane
fibrous capsule
articular cartilage
ligament
What factors stabilize synovial joints?
shape- of articular surfaces
ligaments- how many and what points are connected
muscles tone- muscles keep tendons taught to better support joints
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give two examples of each.
plane joints- gliding movements (tarsal and carpal bones)
hinge joints- flexion and extension (elbow and knee)
pivot joints- spinning on one axis
condyloid joints- flexion/extension and adduction/abduction and circumduction (all metacarpophalangeal joints except thumb)
saddle joints- flexion/extension and adduction/abduction and circumduction (1st metacarpophalangeal joint- thumb)
ball and socket joints- allows for all movements (shoulder and hip)
Name and describe the common body movements.
gliding- two flat surfaces moving across each other
flexion: bending
extension: straitening
abduction: outwards
adduction: inwards
circumduction: combination of multiple movements (like a joystick)
rotation: spinning around in one place
What are the three common types of arthritis?
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis
Why is arthritis such a big deal?
most widespread crippling disease in US
What causes inflammation?
damaging stimuli or infection
Why doesn’t inflammation spread through the body?
it typically is localized to wherever the stimuli is at.
Explain the three stages of inflammation?
- chemical signals- rapid released of chemicals in response to damaging stimuli or infection
- arterioles vasodilate, proteins permeate capillaries into tissue, white blood cells rush to site of stimuli
- cardinal signs- redness, swelling, heat, pain
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, swelling, heat, pain
How is “loss of function” as a 5th cardinal sign of inflammation especially relevant for arthritis?
loss of function is a major symptom of arthritis
Why do we have to be cautious when using anti-inflammatory drugs?
inflammation is important!!
anti inflammatory medication causes blood vessels to constrict (this targets all of the symptoms of inflammation) which can potentially lead to high blood pressure and heart attacks due to blood clotting. It can also deny the surrounding tissues the necessary chemicals they need to perform their functions. This is why anti inflammatory drugs can also cause kidney failure and gastric ulcers.
What is the single defining characteristic of all muscle cells?
All muscle cells contract to generate force
