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Mineralogy > Mini Maxi Quiz Prep > Flashcards

Mini Maxi Quiz Prep Flashcards

0
Q

What are the conditions under which olivine is found

A

High temperature igneous material, common in mafic and ultra mafic rocks; commonly alters to serpentine

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1
Q

General formula for olivine?

A

(Mg,Fe,X)2SiO4

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2
Q

Formula for the olivine group

A

(Mg,Fe,Mn)2SiO4

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3
Q

Forsterite

A

MgSiO4

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4
Q

Fayalite

A

FeSiO4

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5
Q

What are neosilicates

A

Independent SiO4 tetrahedra; crystal sites or boxes

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6
Q

Some other names for olivine

A

Peridot- green gem
Chrysolite- yellow olivine
Dunite- solid, grainy masses of olivine. Classified as a rock
Olivinoid- extraterrestrial form of olivine found in meteorites

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7
Q

General garnet formula?

A

A2+ 3 B3+ 2 [SiO4]3

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8
Q

Which garnets make up the “pyralspites”

A

Pyrope MgAl, almandine Fe2+Al, spessartine MnAl

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9
Q

What are the 2 major groups of garnets

A

calcium rich and aluminum rich

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10
Q

which garnets make up the ugrandite series

A

uvarovite CaCr, grossular CaAl, andradite CaFe3+

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11
Q

Gore Mountain Garnet…

A

Pyrope-Almandine

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12
Q

What type of rock to garnets most occur in

A

metamorphic

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13
Q

where do pyralspites occur

A

meta-shales

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14
Q

where do ugrandites occur

A

meta-carbonates

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15
Q

Tsavorite Garnet is

A

grossular

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16
Q

Rhodolite is

A

pyrope-almandine

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17
Q

what controls the extent of substitution (solid solution)

A

TEMPERATURE

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18
Q

Aluminosilicates

A

Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite (Al2SiO5)

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19
Q

how do these aluminosilicates form

A

moderate to high grade metamorphic minerals formed from AL-rich source rocks

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20
Q

General Aluminosilicate Formula

A

Al2SiO5 or AlO(Al,Si)O4

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21
Q

why do polymorphs form

A

Al position in the octahedral site or a mix of octahedral to tetrahedral sites

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22
Q

Al site location

A

Al can be in a six-coordination or four coordination site

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23
Q

High Pressure causes

A

more dense, packs MORE oxygen around Al3+

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24
Q

High Temperature causes

A

less dense, packs FEWER oxygens around Al3+

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25
Q

Sillimanite sites

A

octahedral and tetrahedral

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26
Q

kyanite sites

A

octahedral

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27
Q

Importance of these minerals?

A
  1. common in metamorphic rocks formed from shales (pelitic rocks). 2. Petrogenetic indicators
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28
Q

Mineral Solid Solution

A

A solid solution is a mineral structure where specific atomic sites are occupied in variable proportions by 2 or more different chemical elements

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29
Q

what are the 3 major controls on solid solution

A

atom size, valence charge, temperature

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30
Q

what needs to be true for substitution

A

the ionic radii of the substituting atoms must be able to fit into the site occupied by the entity for which they are substituting

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31
Q

radius ratio rule: if the atom in the middle is too small…

A

it will shake rattle and role

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32
Q

if the atom in the middle is too large…

A

a stable coordination shell will NOT form around it

33
Q

rule of thumb for radius ratio

A

if the radii differ by 15-30% substitution is limited or very rare, if the radii differ by more than 30%, substitution is very unlikely

34
Q

Paulings Rules

A
  1. coordination principle, 2. electrostatic valency principle, 3.sharing of polyhedral elements (geometry), 4.sharing of polyhedral elements (electric charges) 5. The Principle of Parsimony
35
Q

What determines the shape of a molecule?

A
  1. electron pairs, bonding or nonbonding, repel eachother

- assume electron pairs are as far as possible from each other

36
Q

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

A

The BEST energetic arrangement of a given number of electron domains is the one that MINIMIZES the repulsions among them

37
Q

Electro Static Valence Principle

A

an ionic structure will be stable to the extent that the sum of the strengths of electrostatic bonds that reach an anion from adjacent cations= the charge of that anion (each atom the anion is sharing with must have same fraction of charge)

38
Q

3rd rule:

A

The sharing of edges and particularly of faces of adjacent polyhedra tend to decrease the stability of an ionic structure

39
Q

why is sharing important?

A

it yeilds POLYMERIZATION its how structures are built up

40
Q

what type of sharing is the most stable

A

CORNER SHARING

41
Q

what type of sharing is least stable

A

FACE SHARING

42
Q

4th rule:

A

In a crystal with different cations those of high valence and small CN tend not to share polyhedral elements

43
Q

5th rule:

A

the number of different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small

44
Q

shared corners in silicon tetrahedra are called?

A

bridging oxygens

45
Q

pyroxene building blocks are modeled after what structure

A

I beam model

46
Q

diopside formula

A

CaMgSi2O6

47
Q

augite formula

A

Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Al,Si)2O6

48
Q

general pyroxene formula:

A 
W1-P(X,Y)1+PZ2O6   
W= Ca Na
X= Mg Fe2+ Mn Ni Li
Y= Al Fe3+ Cr Ti
Z= Si Al
49
Q

because they are anhydrous

A

high temperature or dry conditions favor pyroxenes over amphiboles

50
Q

Enstatite Formula

A

Mg2Si2O6 or MgSiO3

51
Q

Ferrosilite

A

Fe2Si2O6 or Fe2+SiO3

52
Q

Diopside

A

CaMgSi2O6

53
Q

Hedenbergite

A

CaFe2+Si2O6

54
Q

Jadeite

A

NaAlSi2O6

55
Q

Aegerine

A

NaFe3+Si2O6

56
Q

Ca-Tschermak

A

CaAl(Al,Si)O6

57
Q

Miscibility gaps with the pyroxenes?

A

Clino v. Ortho and Ca-rich vs. Fe-Mg rich

58
Q

orthopyroxenes

A

Ca-poor

59
Q

between which 2 is there a Fe-Mg solid solution

A

Enstatite-Ferrosillite

60
Q

Clinopyroxenes

A

Ca rich

61
Q

between which 2 is there a Mg-Fe solid solution

A

diopside-hedenbergite

62
Q

silicate tetrahedra chain linkages and cation size interact to produce

A

Pyroxenes and Pyroxenoids

63
Q

the ionosilicate chain BLANK depending upon BLANK that fits within the bends of the silica tetrahedra

A

kinks, size of the cation

64
Q

what is found in harrisville, ny

A

wollastonite and blue calcite

65
Q

amphibole chemistry?

A

LARGE variety of chemical sites and sizes GREAT chemical range and a broad stability range

66
Q

amphibole general formula

A 
W0-1 X2 Y5 [Z8O22] (OH,F,CL)2
W= Na K
X= Ca Na Mg Fe2+ (Mn, Li)
Y= Mg Fe2+ Mn Al Fe3+ Ti
Z= Si Al
67
Q

What are the 5 amphibole sub-groups

A

Calcic Amphiboles, Sodic Clino-Amphiboles, (mg-Mn-Fe-Li) Clino Amphiboles, (Mg-Fe-Mn-Li) Ortho Amphiboles, Named Amphiboles

68
Q

Mg-Ca-Na Solid solution of amphiboles?

A

tremolite, winchite, richterite

69
Q

Cleavages of Pyroxenes v Amphiboles

A

pyroxene- 87 and 93

amphibole- 124 and 56

70
Q

what are cleavage angles in these pyrox and amphi

A

weak bonds in M2 sites (around Ibeams instead of through them)

71
Q

amosite?

A

asbestiform of cummingtonite-grunerite

72
Q

Hornblende

A

a complex solid solution in a broad variety of both igneous and metamorphic rocks

73
Q

sodic amphiboles

A

characteristic of high P/T subduction zone metamorphism- commonly called blueschist due to predominant bluish sodic amphiboles

74
Q

crocidolite asbestos

A

asbestiform riebeckite

75
Q

define plane

A

a two dimensional construct that defines a family of atoms within the crystal lattice. for example, the plane of basal obygen atoms or the plan of octahedral atoms

76
Q

define sheet

A

a substructure consisting of a network of corner sharing tetrahedra or edge sharing octahedra

77
Q

define layer

A

the combined sheets fundamental to the phyllosilicate group of minerals

78
Q

Biopyroboles

A

Biotite Pyroxene Amphibole

79
Q

whether or not a mineral or specific composition grows or remains in a rock depends on:

A
  1. Chemical composition of the geochemical system
  2. pressure of equilibrium reaction
  3. temperature of equilibrium reaction
80
Q

reaction pathway complicated by

A

P-T-t gradients (pressure temp time) fluid composition (water co2) open/ closed hemical system deformation kinetics

Mineralogy (3 decks)

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