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PSYC 178 > Mini Exam 3 – resilience, social support, chronic illness > Flashcards

Mini Exam 3 – resilience, social support, chronic illness Flashcards

1
Q

First gen resilience researchers thought of resilience as being __ or __

A

invulnerable or invincible

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2
Q

What is the kauai Study?

A
  • longitudinal study of 698 “high risk” infants
  • 2/3 of high risk children developed neg outcomes as they aged
  • 1/3 of high risk children experienced positive outcomes, despite risk factors
  • positive outcome children had protective developmental factors like church or a role model
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3
Q

What is a high risk environment?

A

premature birth, unstable households, mothers with mental illness

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4
Q

What is resilience?

A
  • dynamic process where an individual is able to recover from (or overcome) significant adversity
  • a pattern of positive adaptation in the context of present or past adversity
  • set of inner resources, social competencies, and cultural strategies that permit individuals to not only survive, but recover or even thrive after stressful events
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5
Q

Positive outcome in face of adversity is __

A

resilience

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6
Q

Positive outcome without adversity is __

A

competence

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7
Q

Negative outcome in face of adversity is __

A

maladaptation

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8
Q

Negative outcome without adversity is __

A

vulnerability

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9
Q

resilience is NOT __

A

an individual trait

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10
Q

What is the Brief Resilience Scale?

A

self report survey that ranks people’s resilience “traits”

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11
Q

What are risks do children face in america?

A

poverty, abuse, juvenile arrests, firearms, academic challenges

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12
Q

What are the two types of protective factors that promote resilience?

A

interpersonal and community

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13
Q

What are some interpersonal protective factors?

A

close relationships with caregiving adults, authoritative parenting, parental education, positive family climate, organized home environment, close relationships to competent, prosocial and supportive peers, parental involvement

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14
Q

what are some community based protective factors?

A

effective school and learning environments, + organizations and social groups, public safety strong sense of neighborhood community and social cohesion, access to public health services and care

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15
Q

What do Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) increase the likelihood of?

A
  • 3x more likely to smoke
  • 7x more likely to perpetrate violence
  • 6x more likely to have unintended teen pregnancy
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16
Q

How is cardiovascular health affected by resilience?

A

faster recovery from negative emotional arousal/ lab-induced stress tasks

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17
Q

__ is linked to worse blood sugar among diabetics

A

stress

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18
Q

What are Resilience Training Programs?

A

improved ability to recognize and self-regulate stress response

  • reduced stress, negative emotions, depression
  • improved team communication and cooperation
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19
Q

What is social support characterized by?

A

mutual positive interactions and helpful behaviors provided to someone in need of support

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20
Q

What is a social Network?

A

people’s social ties to one another and the structure of these ties

  • can be supportive or detrimental
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21
Q

What is social embeddedness?

A

strength of connections one has with others within their social network

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22
Q

What is social climate?

A

personality of a social network

  • good or bad vibes?
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23
Q

What are some health trends that emerge from social networks?

A

familial patterns, behavioral clusters (smoking, obesity, fitness/exercise), well-being and happiness

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of social support?

A

emotional, instrumental, informational, appraisal

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25
Q

Describe emotional support

A
  • positive regard, care, love, trust
  • most common type of support
  • related to attachment theory: people are happiest when they have trusted persons they can confide in
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26
Q

Describe instrumental support

A

providing tangible goods and services

- $, groceries, completing tasks, transportation

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27
Q

Describe informational support

A

provide info or advice, helping with problem-solving, usually comes from experts
- physicians, lawyers, financial consultants

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28
Q

Describe appraisal support

A
  • Not to be confused with emotional support
  • communicating info that is relevant to self-eval or appraisals of one’s current situation
  • aimed at helping form more accurate eval of one’s situation
  • provided alongside informational support
  • remind them of qualities they have that will help them overcome obstacles
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29
Q

Social support received must match the support __

A

sought

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30
Q

What is the difference between perceived and actual support?

A

perceived support is in regards to how supported a person feels, actual support is whether the people considered friends can actually provide support

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31
Q

What are some benefits of social support?

A
  • lower heart disease mortality
  • reduced cancer risk
  • improved adherence and recovery
  • positive self-worth and esteem
  • effective coping and adaptation
  • improved quality of life
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32
Q

What are some indirect pathways in which social support influences our health?

A
  • buffer against emotional distress
  • bolster self-esteem and competence
  • gives perceived control
  • improved coping skills and efficacy
  • instrumental support and tangible resources
  • access to info and other perspectives
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33
Q

How can health affect social support networks?

A
  • changes in health may affect the social network dynamics (bidirectional)
  • someone who quit smoking will likely stop hanging out with smokers
  • can also constrict social support groups
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34
Q

What is social breakdown syndrome?

A

phenomenon where illness limits access to social support networks
- minimized with in-home tx options, shorter hosp stays

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35
Q

How does chronic illness vary across individuals?

A

perceptions of illness condition, impact on quality of life and coping ability, need for tailored interventions and care

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36
Q

What are the 3 main issues with chronic disease?

A

physical limitations, psychological issues, social issues

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37
Q

What are social issues related to chronic disease?

A
  • stigma (HIV)
  • social isolation (people hiding conditions)
  • negative rxns from others (just world hypothesis)
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38
Q

What are psych issues related to chronic illness?

A
  • anxiety, depression
  • denial, perceived isolation, loneliness
  • helplessness – low self efficacy
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39
Q

What are some examples of challenges of coping?

A
  • Tx mgmt
  • managing soc relationships
  • coping w uncertainty
  • managing loss
  • maintaining a sense of well-being
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40
Q

What are some challenges with Tx mgmt?

A
  • medical terminology (jargon)
  • comm with physician team (need to manage care oneself)
  • med schedules (may be overwhelming&raquo_space; nonadherence)
  • financial and opportunistic cost (chronic illness = $$$)
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41
Q

What are some challenges with managing social relationships?

A
  • soc isolation (may have new identity, hard to preserve soc relationships)
  • burden on loved ones (marital strain)
  • cynicism and hopelessness (about outcomes, push others away)
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42
Q

What are some challenges with coping with uncertainty?

A
  • need for social support (informational)

- accept uncertainty and integrate into life

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43
Q

What are some challenges with managing loss?

A
  • maintain body integrity (∆appearance)
  • limitations/disruptions to work and other activities
  • loss of autonomy
44
Q

What are some challenges with maintaining a sense of well-being?

A
  • coping w self-blame, guilt

- incorporating changes into self-concepts

45
Q

What is successful adjustment to chronic illness characterized by?

A
  • mastery of tasks related to disease
  • maintain functionality/normalcy
  • absence of psychological disorders (no anxiety or depression)
46
Q

Adjustment to chronic illness is a __ process

A

dynamic

  • continuous, but not constant
  • highs and lows, not steady
  • disease can worse or improve
47
Q

What are some coping mechanisms?

A

Most of these have a positive and negative side

  • info avoidance/distancing (min anxiety/nonadherence, denial)
  • info seeking (sense of control/overwhelm doctor, anxiety)
  • requests for reassurance (good soc support/unwanted support
  • setting goals (achievable/too optimistic)
  • search for meaning (seek liver lining/no neg)
  • visualization (picture what’s going on in the body/no neg)
48
Q

What is an example of a goal to help coping with chronic illness?

A

live as long as possible as normally as possible

49
Q

normalization

A

attempt to est and maintain as normal an existence as possible

50
Q

identity spread

A

people view obvious sx as signs that a chronically ill person cant fnx well

  • lead to overgeneralization
  • look sick therefore not capable
51
Q

passing

A

sick people w/o obvious sx engage in NL interactions bc others dont know they are ill

  • may cause anxiety, hiding parts of self
52
Q

What are the types of CVD?

A

CAD, CHD, MI Angina, stroke, HTN

53
Q

What do CHD, CAD and stroke develop through?

A

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

54
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

depositing of fatty plaques on arteries

55
Q

what is arteriosclerosis?

A

hardening and thickening of artery walls

56
Q

What is CHD?

A

damage to myocardium

57
Q

What is CAD?

A

missing blood supply to heart muscle

58
Q

What are common risk factors of heart disease?

A

age, fhx, gender effects, ethnicity

  • older = more risk
  • genetics = more risk
  • gender = men&raquo_space; women CVD mortality, ?hormones, lifestyle (men show more unhealthy behaviors)
  • ethnicity = AAs have greater mortality risk due to high risk of HTN
59
Q

Define health disparity

A

disproportionate rates of disease or death between different populations

  • sex, gender ID, ethnicity, sexual orientation, SES, disability
60
Q

What are some CVD health disparities seen due to ethnicity?

A
  • AAs and latinx report higher rates of HTN than whites (even with matching lifestyles)
  • AAs have higher incidence of stroke (higher severity and mortality)
  • Latinx report higher CVD risk factors but show lower rates of CVD/CHD (hispanic paradox)
  • Asian American males show higher rates of smoking
61
Q

What are some CVD health disparities seen due to SES?

A

From 1971-02

  • high SES groups show major declines in smoking, chol, HTN
  • minor changes in low SES
  • increased rate of DM in low SES
62
Q

Why is education strongest and most consistent SES indicator related to CVD?

A
  • related to lifestyle, income, social skills, abilities

- higher self-efficacy, peer groups and soc support networks, access to healthcare

63
Q

What are the main behavioral risk factors for CVD?

A
  • smoking (3x CVD risk, MI risk)
  • weight and diet (Na+ > High BP > CVD; sat fats > chol + atherosclerosis > CVD)
  • physical activity (sedentary vs exercise; 60% adults dont exercise, 150+ mins exercise qw
64
Q

What are the main psychosocial risk factors for CVD?

A

PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT (lack of)
- single status, lack of community membership/religious group, small social network size, lack of contact with friends/family

65
Q

What are the behavioral mechanisms of psychosocial risk factors?

A

social support may approve or disapprove of habits, leads people to change their habits

66
Q

What are the biological mechanisms of psychosocial risk factors?

A

stress response is aided by social support

- poor autonomic reg in isolated individuals

67
Q

How is depression related to CVD risk?

A
  • 1 in 5 pts suffer w major depression

- depressive sx predict increased incidence and worse prognosis of CVD

68
Q

How does depression increase CVD risk?

A

depression leads to CVD due to:

  • poorer health behaviors
  • inflammatory processes
  • HR variability
  • important to screen for depression among CVD pts and vice versa
69
Q

What are attitudes?

A

generalized dispositions (hostility)

  • in the moment I am feeling anger, generally I am hostile
70
Q

what are emotions?

A

state of feeling (anger)

  • in the moment I am feeling anger, generally I am hostile
71
Q

How does early life hostility relate to CVD?

A

increases HTN, causes later CVD risks

72
Q

What is eudaimonic well-being?

A

meaning in life, self acceptance, personal growth

73
Q

what is hedonic well-being?

A

happiness, + emotions (joy, gratitude, love), emotion focused

74
Q

What are the ABCS of the “million hearts” study?

A

Aspirin use for high risk pts
BP control
Chol mgmt
Smoking cessation

75
Q

What are the targets of chronic disease intervention?

A

psych, behavioral, social, biological targets

76
Q

What are psychological targets of disease intervention trying to do?

A
  • reduce depression, anxiety, stress
  • increase self-esteem and self-efficacy
  • changing attitudes and outlook
77
Q

What are behavioral targets of disease intervention trying to do?

A
  • changing health behaviors

- increasing adherence to tx

78
Q

What are social targets of disease intervention trying to do?

A
  • increasing social support , outreach and community integration
79
Q

What are biological targets of disease intervention trying to do?

A
  • reducing autonomic imbalances (stress responses)

- disease oriented process (asthma – inhaler)

80
Q

What is psycho-oncology?

A

Subspecialty of cancer care, studies:

  • psych rxns
  • psych factors predict cancer risk, detection and survival
81
Q

What are the most stressful times of a cancer patient?

A

diagnostic experience, hospitalization/tx, release from hospital

82
Q

What are some stigmas cancer patients have to overcome?

A
  • just world hypothesis: ppl get what they deserve

- victim blaming: pt did something to deserve it

83
Q

What are some special challenges in cancer?

A
  • ∆ physical appearance
  • communication w/ physicians
  • uncertainty
  • relationships w/ others
  • support services
84
Q

cancer and depression are commonly __

A

comorbid

*in breast ca pts depression in 1st yr post-dx linked to > mortality

85
Q

What is depression linked to?

A
  • tx nonadherence
  • lower QoL
  • > > mortality
86
Q

What are some psych interventions for patients with cancer?

A
  • individual/group therapy
  • psychotropic medication
  • fam therapy/counseling
  • mindfulness/relaxation
  • pt advocacy
  • palliative care
87
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

where a system attacks itself, does not recognize self

88
Q

What is inflammation?

A

process that brings immune cells to sites of tissue damage to destroy foreign cells

89
Q

what are cytokines?

A

released by immune cells and regulate immune responses

*pro-inflammatory cytokines coordinate inflammatory responses in body

90
Q

Resilience describes a _______ by which core adaptive systems continue to operate in an effective manner despite threats and risk factors

A

process

91
Q

Resilience ________ against maladaptive coping behaviours

A

protects

92
Q

What helps buffer against ACEs? Why?

A
  • Parental support
  • Having a parent involved in your life and knowing they trust you can protect can help bolster self esteem and self worth
93
Q

stress responses lead to the activation of __ and __

A

HPA axis: secrete cortisol

SNS: secrete norepi

94
Q

stress decreases the body’s __

A

lymphocytes

95
Q

What is the sherbert experiment?

A

People were either given sherbert followed by epi shot or salt water shot

  • Those given epi shot developed an immune response to sherbert
  • classical conditioning example
96
Q

What is AIDS? (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

A

progression of HIV to the point where most T-cells have been destroyed

  • tx exists to control HIV viral loads
  • antivirals, pre-exposure prophylaxis
97
Q

What is HIV?

A

destroys immune cells (T-cells), makes it hard to fight infx

98
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

body fluids like blood, birth, unprotected sex

99
Q

What is AIDS?

A

progression of HIV

100
Q

What are two types of HIV interventions?

A

reducing transmission and managing life w HIV

101
Q

What are transmission reduction interventions for HIV?

A
  • safe sex (condom, PrEP)
  • needle exchange
  • testing and screening
102
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

immune system attacks lining of joints

- joint pain and deformity

103
Q

anxiety and depression are often __ with RA

A

comorbid

104
Q

How are RA flareups predicted?

A

stress and mood changes

105
Q

what are some psych interventions for RA?

A

CBT, self-reg techniques, stress management, mindfulness

PSYC 178 (1 decks)

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