Mini Exam 1 Flashcards
Non Polar Covalent Bonds
when atoms have shared unpaired electrons
-> similar electronegativity, equal sharing
“non-polar”
If elements are “similar” in electronegativity they will make a non-polar covalent bond through equal sharing of electrons.
Polar Covalent Bonds
When atoms have unequal electron sharing
-> significantly different electronegativity
unequal sharing= polarity
Polarity= different “ends”
A polar bond has partial +/- charges at the two ends of the bond
In organic molecules, polar bonds usually come form O-H or N-H groups.
Ionic Bonds
Ions= elements that lose or gain electrons
-> extreme difference in electronegativity
-> electrostatic attraction between ions
-> opposite charges attract (+ to -)
-> electron stripping
Electronegativity
ability to attract and keep electrons
why? this happens because not all electron sharing is the same
Periodic Table: electronegativity increases as you go up and right
(Hydrogen electronegativity is similar to carbon and boron)
Electron Stripping
Occurs in Ions
-> no sharing, electron exchange
Higher electronegativity= gain electron(s)
Lower electronegativity= lose electron(s)
Both get full valence electrons
Electrostatic attraction
-> opposite charges attract
-> form 3D crystals when dry
ex. salts = individual ions dissolve in water
Emergent Properties
Levels of Organization
-> when you put small things together to make bigger more complex things, NEW unpredicted functions appear
ex. stick and string can make a bow, fishing rod, or cat toy (all with different functions).
Structure Function Relationship
“Form follows Function”
the shape (form) of a function makes it particularly good at doing something (function)
Function
what something literally does
Energy Transformation
Creating organization requires energy
-> Potential
-> Chemical
-> Mechanical
-> Kinetic
Ex. stages of shooting a bow an arrow
Cell Theory
All cells come from other cells
-> cells inherit things from the cells before them
All life is made of cells
Common Features of All Cells
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- DNA based chromosomes
- Ribosomes make protein
- RNA
Types of Cells
Prokaryotes
-> bacteria
-> archea
Eukaryotes
-> protists
-> fungi
-> plants
-> animals
Prokaryotic Cells
-> cell membrane
-> cytoplasm
-> chromosome (dna)
-> ribosomes
no internal membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
-> cell membrane
-> cytoplasm
-> chromosome (dna)
-> ribosomes
-> endomembrane system
-> membrane bound organelles
-> cytoskeleton
many internal membranes
Endomembrane system
endo=interior
includes nuclear envelope, rough er, smooth er, Golgi, vesicles and endosomes/lysosomes
advantage: carpartmentalization
-> allows eukaryotes to do many biochemical processes at the same time
-> forming many cellular compartments
Complex Cytoskeleton
-> internal support structures in the cell
-> diversity of elements
-> maintains shape and movement of organelles
->needed for large cells with complex shapes that interact with each other and move around
Hydroxyl
OH
hydrogen bonded to oxygen
adds polarity to organic molecules
O-H
Carbonyl
=O
double bond oxygen
-> alters shape and reactivity of molecule
->changes how molecules are used in certain chemical reactions
->used for energy transferring reactions
Carboxyl
COOH
-> adds negative charge in water
-> donate H+ to water
C=O
-O-
Amino
NH3
-> adds positive charge to molecules
H
|
N– H+
|
H
Sulfhydryl
SH
->creates covalent bonds between different molecules or proteins (disulfide bridges)
R–SH
Methyl
CH3
-> temporary change identity of molecules to regulate function
H
|
C—- H
|
H
Phosphate
PO4
-> adds energy to molecules, less stable & more chemically reactive
O
||
O—– P —- O-
|
O-
Hydrophilic
molecules that dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
molecules with insufficient polarity to form a hydration shell will not dissolve in water
Acidic Ionic Molecules
donate extra H+
Base Ionic molecules
donate extra OH-
Special Membrane Bound Organelles In Eukaryotes
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
-> allow them to use photosynthesis and respiration to store and utilize chemical energy. These have a number of features in common with bacterial cells suggesting they were acquired through endosymbiosis.
How do Plant and Animal cells differ?
differ in having cell walls, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts
pH
relative concentration of H+ and OH- in water
low pH=high H+ (property of water)
Cohesion
water bonds to water (property of water)
Adhesion
water bonds to other (property of water)
Surface Tension
water is hard to “break”
objects displace
ex: spider running on water (property of water)
High Specific Heat
water absorbs heat w/out evaporating
(property of water)
Evaporative Cooling
cooling effect on surface
when heat goes away
ex. sweating
(property of water)
Four different ways to manipulate the carbon backbones of organic molecules to make a diversity of different molecules
- Cells can change length of the carbon backbone (add or remove carbons);
- Cells can change the shape of the carbon backbone by adding branches (isomers);
- Cells can add double or triple bonds between carbons in the backbone;
- Cells can make the carbon backbone into a ring structure.
What do we call the structure formed by water around the dissolved ion?
Hydration shell
Properties of Life
Generate order
Reproduce
Evolve
Self regulate
Sense and respond to environment
Consume energy
Evolution Theory
All organisms come from other organisms
All organisms have a common ancestor (implies we have similar processes)
Ex. experiments on mice b/c they are similar to humans
Regulation
Any intentional mechanism used to control a process
->Homeostasis, Gene expression, Metabolism
