Mini Exam 1

Question 1

Non Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 1

when atoms have shared unpaired electrons
-> similar electronegativity, equal sharing
“non-polar”

If elements are “similar” in electronegativity they will make a non-polar covalent bond through equal sharing of electrons.

Question 2

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 2

When atoms have unequal electron sharing
-> significantly different electronegativity
unequal sharing= polarity
Polarity= different “ends”
A polar bond has partial +/- charges at the two ends of the bond
In organic molecules, polar bonds usually come form O-H or N-H groups.

Question 3

Ionic Bonds

Answer 3

Ions= elements that lose or gain electrons
-> extreme difference in electronegativity
-> electrostatic attraction between ions
-> opposite charges attract (+ to -)
-> electron stripping

Question 4

Electronegativity

Answer 4

ability to attract and keep electrons
why? this happens because not all electron sharing is the same
Periodic Table: electronegativity increases as you go up and right
(Hydrogen electronegativity is similar to carbon and boron)

Question 5

Electron Stripping

Answer 5

Occurs in Ions
-> no sharing, electron exchange
Higher electronegativity= gain electron(s)
Lower electronegativity= lose electron(s)
Both get full valence electrons

Question 6

Electrostatic attraction

Answer 6

-> opposite charges attract
-> form 3D crystals when dry
ex. salts = individual ions dissolve in water

Question 7

Emergent Properties

Answer 7

Levels of Organization
-> when you put small things together to make bigger more complex things, NEW unpredicted functions appear
ex. stick and string can make a bow, fishing rod, or cat toy (all with different functions).

Question 8

Structure Function Relationship

Answer 8

“Form follows Function”
the shape (form) of a function makes it particularly good at doing something (function)

Question 9

Function

Answer 9

what something literally does

Question 10

Energy Transformation

Answer 10

Creating organization requires energy
-> Potential
-> Chemical
-> Mechanical
-> Kinetic
Ex. stages of shooting a bow an arrow

Question 11

Cell Theory

Answer 11

All cells come from other cells
-> cells inherit things from the cells before them
All life is made of cells

Question 12

Common Features of All Cells

Answer 12

1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA based chromosomes
4. Ribosomes make protein
5. RNA

Question 13

Types of Cells

Answer 13

Prokaryotes
-> bacteria
-> archea
Eukaryotes
-> protists
-> fungi
-> plants
-> animals

Question 14

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 14

-> cell membrane
-> cytoplasm
-> chromosome (dna)
-> ribosomes
no internal membranes

Question 15

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 15

-> cell membrane
-> cytoplasm
-> chromosome (dna)
-> ribosomes
-> endomembrane system
-> membrane bound organelles
-> cytoskeleton
many internal membranes

Question 16

Endomembrane system

Answer 16

endo=interior
includes nuclear envelope, rough er, smooth er, Golgi, vesicles and endosomes/lysosomes
advantage: carpartmentalization
-> allows eukaryotes to do many biochemical processes at the same time
-> forming many cellular compartments

Question 17

Complex Cytoskeleton

Answer 17

-> internal support structures in the cell
-> diversity of elements
-> maintains shape and movement of organelles
->needed for large cells with complex shapes that interact with each other and move around

Question 18

Hydroxyl

Answer 18

OH
hydrogen bonded to oxygen
adds polarity to organic molecules
O-H

Question 19

Carbonyl

Answer 19

=O
double bond oxygen
-> alters shape and reactivity of molecule
->changes how molecules are used in certain chemical reactions
->used for energy transferring reactions

Question 20

Carboxyl

Answer 20

COOH
-> adds negative charge in water
-> donate H+ to water
C=O
-O-

Question 21

Amino

Answer 21

NH3
-> adds positive charge to molecules
H
|
N– H+
|
H

Question 22

Sulfhydryl

Answer 22

SH
->creates covalent bonds between different molecules or proteins (disulfide bridges)
R–SH

Question 23

Methyl

Answer 23

CH3
-> temporary change identity of molecules to regulate function
H
|
C—- H
|
H

Question 24

Phosphate

Answer 24

PO4
-> adds energy to molecules, less stable & more chemically reactive
O
||
O—– P —- O-
|
O-

Question 25

Hydrophilic

Answer 25

molecules that dissolve in water

Question 26

Hydrophobic

Answer 26

molecules with insufficient polarity to form a hydration shell will not dissolve in water

Question 27

Acidic Ionic Molecules

Answer 27

donate extra H+

Question 28

Base Ionic molecules

Answer 28

donate extra OH-

Question 29

Special Membrane Bound Organelles In Eukaryotes

Answer 29

Chloroplast and Mitochondria
-> allow them to use photosynthesis and respiration to store and utilize chemical energy. These have a number of features in common with bacterial cells suggesting they were acquired through endosymbiosis.

Question 30

How do Plant and Animal cells differ?

Answer 30

differ in having cell walls, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts

Question 31

pH

Answer 31

relative concentration of H+ and OH- in water
low pH=high H+ (property of water)

Question 32

Cohesion

Answer 32

water bonds to water (property of water)

Question 33

Adhesion

Answer 33

water bonds to other (property of water)

Question 34

Surface Tension

Answer 34

water is hard to “break”
objects displace
ex: spider running on water (property of water)

Question 35

High Specific Heat

Answer 35

water absorbs heat w/out evaporating
(property of water)

Question 36

Evaporative Cooling

Answer 36

cooling effect on surface
when heat goes away
ex. sweating
(property of water)

Question 37

Four different ways to manipulate the carbon backbones of organic molecules to make a diversity of different molecules

Answer 37

1. Cells can change length of the carbon backbone (add or remove carbons);
2. Cells can change the shape of the carbon backbone by adding branches (isomers);
3. Cells can add double or triple bonds between carbons in the backbone;
4. Cells can make the carbon backbone into a ring structure.

Question 38

What do we call the structure formed by water around the dissolved ion?

Answer 38

Hydration shell

Question 39

Properties of Life

Answer 39

Generate order
Reproduce
Evolve
Self regulate
Sense and respond to environment
Consume energy

Question 40

Evolution Theory

Answer 40

All organisms come from other organisms
All organisms have a common ancestor (implies we have similar processes)
Ex. experiments on mice b/c they are similar to humans

Question 41

Regulation

Answer 41

Any intentional mechanism used to control a process
->Homeostasis, Gene expression, Metabolism