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CDU FIRST SEM > minerals and rocks > Flashcards

minerals and rocks Flashcards

1
Q

reflect light off its surface (pearly, dull, shiny, etc.)

A

luster

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2
Q

opaque, translucent, transparent

A

ability to transfer light

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3
Q

color of the mineral in powdered form

A

streak

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4
Q

octahedron, dodecahedron, cubes

A

crystal shape

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5
Q

minerals toughness or resistance to breaking or deforming. Brittle, malleable, elastic, thin shavings

A

tenacity

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6
Q

resistance of the mineral to abrasion or scratching

A

Hardness

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7
Q

break along the planes of weak bonding

A

cleavage

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8
Q

irregular when a mineral breaks and exhibits an uneven surface. Conchoidal when It breaks into smooth curves surfaces, splintery, fibrous

A

fractures

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9
Q

ratio of density of the mineral to the density of the water

A

specific gravity

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10
Q

what are the special properties of minerals?

A
  • Taste
    • Odor
    • Attraction to magnets
    • Fluorescence
    • Radioactivity
    • Reactivity
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11
Q

why is color not a reliable properly

A

color may be changed due to impurities

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12
Q

rock-forming minerals, also. Called economic minerals

A

minerals

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13
Q

explain silicates

A
  • Oxygen and silicon
  • Most abundant in the earth’s crust
  • 96% of the earth’s minerals
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14
Q

what are the mineral groups of silicates

A
  • Feldspar, quartz, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
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15
Q

explain non-silicates

A
  • Less abundant in the earth’s crust
  • Economic importance
  • Oxides, carbonates, sulfates, halides
  • Main components of sedimentary rocks
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16
Q

how are non-silicates economically important

A
  • Calcite, cement
  • Iron and aluminum for automobiles and etc
  • Oxides like hematite and magnetite, ores of iron
17
Q

how are gemstones identified

A
  • Precious or semiprecious
  • Not by mineral content but by color
18
Q
  • Naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals
A

Rocks

19
Q

how are rocks identified

A

mineral and texture

20
Q

how are they classified

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks

21
Q

are the changed chemical or physical?

A

both

22
Q

explain the rock cycle

A

Melting of the rocks occurs in the upper mantle and earth’s curst because of extreme heat. Molten Rocks AKA magma rise to the surface because they are less dense than the surrounding rocks. The Lava cools and solidifies through a process known as crystallization or solidification. Can either solidify on the surface or below it. These become igneous rocks.

Through uplifting, the igneous rocks are exposed to the surface. Due to the atmosphere, they undergo weathering. The rocks become loose soil due to the agents of erosion such as running water, wind, waves, and glaciers, or the action of gravity. These particles dissolve and become sediments. The sediments are deposited to the sea, rivers, or any other bodies of water. They undergo lithification and are transformed to sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction due to the weight of the overlying rocks or are cemented by the water that fills the spaces between the particles.

Sedimentary rocks may be buried and subjected to great pressure and intense heat.. Due to the changes in temperature, they undergo a physical and chemical change and transform to metamorphic rocks. If metamorphic rocks are exposed to extreme heat and pressure down the earth’s mantle, they melt and form magma, which repeats the cycle.

23
Q

Formed by fire since they originate from the magma produced by the melting of rocks in the hot mantle.

A

Igneous

24
Q

how does an igneous rock form?

A

when it cools and crystallizes

25
Q

what do you call when it solidifies at the surface

A

extrusive

26
Q

explain extrusive rocks

A

Tiny crystals are formed as a result of the rapid cooling of magma on the surface.

27
Q

what do you call when it solidifies under the surface

A

intrusive

28
Q

explain intrusive

A
  • Large crystals that can be seen by the unaided eye.
    • Result from the cooling of magma beneath the earth’s surface
29
Q

igneous Mainly compose of _____ minerals

A

silicate

30
Q

most abundant component of igneous rocks

A

oxygen and silicon (aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron)

31
Q

Compacted and cemented sediments

A

sedimentary rocks

32
Q

what are the 2 different sources of sedimentary rocks

A

weathered rocks that produce particles AKA detritus. (Detrital sedimentary rock) and soluble material produced by chemical weathering. Chemical sediments forms chemical sedimentary rocks

33
Q

how do sedimentary rocks play an Important role in the study of history on earth

A

Fossils or remains of prehistoric plants or animals are embedded in sedimentary rocks.

34
Q

transformation or change in form.

A

Metamorphic rocks

35
Q

do metamorphic rocks have parents

A

yes

36
Q
  • _____________________________ cause the metamorphism of rocks.
A

Heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids

37
Q
  • Heat causes a _____________ of minerals present in rocks, so new minerals are formed.
A

recrystallisation

CDU FIRST SEM (2 decks)

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