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Minerals > minerals > Flashcards

minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

Causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels (which activates the kidney)

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2
Q

Name the two main functions of Na+?

A
  1. maintains electric potential in the membrane and conducts nerve impulses
  2. absorption of nutrients
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3
Q

What symptoms does hypo-na-tremia show?

A

Headache, seizure, confusion and coma

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4
Q

What symptoms does hyper-na-tremia show?

A

Odema, thirst, high blood pressure

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5
Q

How is hypo-na-tremia caused?

A

Vomiting, sweating, diahorrea

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6
Q

How is hyper-na-tremia caused? (3)

A

Excessive fluid loss via. vomiting etc.
Renal failure - too much Na+ absorption
Not enough water

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7
Q

Main role of Iodine?

A

Homornal synthesis in the thyroid of thyroxine (T4) and its active from T3

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8
Q

What form is Iodine uptaken and what does it get converted too + how?

A

I- ions, combine with H2O2 to form I2 which forms tyrosine

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9
Q

Where is Iodine levels the highest?

A

Thyroid gland, salivary and then gastric glands

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10
Q

How is excess Iodine excreted?

A

Excreted through our urine

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11
Q

Name 4 roles of the thyroid gland

A
  1. Metabolic function
  2. Growth and development
  3. RBC cell synthesis
  4. Thermogenesis
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12
Q

What is the thyroid gland crucial too?

A

Development of the central nervous system in children and foetus

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13
Q

Three symptoms of hypo-thyroidism (aka. Iodine deficiency)?

A
  1. Weight gain
  2. High cholesterol levels
  3. Reduced lypolysis, gluconeogenesis

Called hypo-metabolism

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14
Q

Three symptoms of hyper-thyroidism (aka. Iodine deficiency)?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Low cholesterol levels
  3. Increased lypolysis, gluconeogenesis

Called hypo-metabolism

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15
Q

Severe case of Iodine defiency? (Name and symptom)

A

Goitre - irreversible mental retardation and cretinism (non reversible) - especially if during key growth development in children

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16
Q

How have the public health tried to increase Iodine levels?

A

Iodization of oil, salt and water

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17
Q

Environmental factors of autoimmune thyroid diseases? (4)

A
  1. Naturally occurring goitrogens reduce I2 bioavailability
  2. Heavy metal ions (e.g. Lead)
  3. Polychlorinated biphenyls
  4. Organochlorine compounds (man-made) found in pesticides
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18
Q

Main role of Se?

A

Incorporated into amino acids to make proteins

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19
Q

Sources of Se?

A

=crops - low conc. as not essential for their growth

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20
Q

How do plants uptake Se?

A

Se-methionine, Selenite/Selenate

21
Q

How do animals uptake Se? and why do they vary?

A

Se-methionine, Selenite/Selenate, Secys and because of diet

22
Q

What atom does Se replace and how does it change the protein functionality?

A

Sulphur, makes the proteins more reactive

23
Q

Which has more Se bioavailability plants or animals?

A

Plants

24
Q

Which is absorbed more readily, inorganic or organic forms of Se?

A

Organic

25
Q

What is the central species for Se utilization and excretion and how is it made?

A

Se reduced to H2Se

26
Q

What vitamin is mainly associated with Se?

A

Vitamin E- recycled after e- donated to free radical (anti-oxidant), then Glutathione is regenerated by vitamin C

27
Q

What is the enzyme associated with Vitamin E recycling?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

28
Q

Which two countries have low Se soil?

A

China and UK

29
Q

Two conditions of Se deficiency?

A
  1. Keshan - heart disease

2. Keshin-Beck - joint deterioration

30
Q

Symptoms of Keshan?

A

Cardiomyopathy, fatal heart muscle disease - 2-10years

31
Q

Symptoms of Keshin-Beck?

A

osteoarthritis - joint muscle degeneration and death - 5-13years

32
Q

What is Zn main function?

A

Incorporated into proteins:

structural, catabolic (enzymes), co-factors, intracellular and extracellular cell signalling

33
Q

How does Zn exist?

A

Zn2+

34
Q

How is Zn different to the other micro elements?

A

It isn’t redox active

35
Q

Name 4 elements Zn deficiency or excess can effect?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Morphentic functions
  3. Immune response
  4. Neuro-sensory and endocrine functions.
36
Q

When is Zn requirement higher?

A

During pregnancy, lactaction and during puberty

37
Q

How many enzymes require zinc?

A

300

38
Q

How many transcription factors require zinc?

A

2000

39
Q

Name 3 roles that Zn is important for?

A
  1. Anti-inflammatory
  2. Anti-oxidant
  3. Cell-mediated immunity
40
Q

Are there stores of Zn

A

no

41
Q

Are low or higher intakes of Zn easier to absorb

A

lower

42
Q

Name two zinc transporters?

A
  1. Zrt or Znt

2. ZIP

43
Q

How does the absorption of Zn differ

A

There is a differential expression of the sub-cellular location of transporters, eg. some on membrane and some associated with organelle systems

44
Q

What symptoms can Zn deficiency cause? (5)

A
  1. Cold - lower immune system
  2. Growth retardation
  3. Increased oxidative stress
  4. Testicular hypofunction
  5. Increased generation of inflammatory cytokines
45
Q

How much Zinc should we have a day

A

5-10mg

46
Q

Which diet is best for Zn defiency?

A

Low in phytates and high in animal protein

47
Q

What do phytates do?

A

Lower bioavailability of minerals

48
Q

What is special about Zn deficiency source

A

It isn’t necessarily linked to low Zn levels in food

Minerals (1 decks)

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