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Chemistry > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

Minerals represent about up to 5 % of body weight, describe the 5% in details

A

50 % of this weigh is calcium.

  1. 25 % of this weight is phosphorus.
  2. the remaining minerals are 25 %
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2
Q

What are the 2 forms of minerals in our body?

A

A. Charged ions which are either anions or cations

B. Components of organic compounds such as:

  1. Phosphor-lipids
  2. phosphor-proteins
  3. metallo-proteins
  4. Metallic-enzymes
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3
Q

What do you know about calcium?

A

A. most abundant mineral in the body

B. 99% —> bones and teeth

C. 1% —> in blood, ECF, and intracellularly in tissues

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4
Q

What does bone do to calcium?

A

Bones

A. Return Ca and PO4 to the ECF and blood

B. Takes up Ca and PO4 from dietary intake

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5
Q

Bone retention of Ca in later life

A

Limited unless consumed with:

A. Suff amount of vit D

B. Bone-conserving drug

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6
Q

What are the functions of Ca?

A
  1. Optimal gain of bone mass and density during sexual maturation and adolescent years
  2. Additional Ca req during pregnancy and lactation
3. Imp in:
A. Transport functions of the cell 
B. Release of NT
C. Functions of hormones
D. Release and activation of extracellular and intracellular enzymes
  1. proper balance of Ca, Na, K, and Mg ions —> maintain ❤️ muscle function and nerve irritability ( acting to a stimulus )
  2. Initiates the formation of a blood clot and is a cofactors for several enzymatic reactions of blood coagulation ( conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
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7
Q

Why is Ca imp for young women and postmenopausal women?

A

For young, to provide protection against osteoporosis in years after menopause.

For postmenopausal, maintain bone health

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8
Q

What are the conds related to def of Ca?

A
  1. Osteomalacia
  2. osteoporosis
  3. tetany ( small contractions of the muscles )
  4. paresthesia ( also related to pantothenic acid )
  5. foot cramp
  6. muscle aching
  7. spasm of facial musculature
  8. dementia
  9. depression
  10. psychosis
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9
Q

What happens if there is high intake of Ca ( toxicity) ?

A
  1. If with high intake of vit D —> hyper-calcemia —> calcification of soft tissues especially in kidneys
  2. Increased bone fractures in ELDERLY bcz of high remodeling rates ( old bone replaced by new bone —> exhausts the osteoblasts )
  3. ⬇️ abs of other divalent cations ex: zinc, iron, and manganese
  4. Constipation in older women
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10
Q

Where can we find P in our body?

A

85% in bones and teeth as Ca phosphate crystals

15% in cells and ECF

( P —> phosphorus & PO4 —> phosphate )

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11
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

Ca5 (PO4)3 OH

Apatite —> a major organic molecule in bones and teeth —> grip of phosphate minerals

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12
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A
  1. PO4 is a Structural component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids.
  2. Activation and deactivation of cytosolic enzymes —> phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation —> by kinases and phosphatases
  3. PO4 Buffer sys imp in intracellular fluid and in kidney tubules
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13
Q

Def of phosphorus

A

RARE but

Patients with chronic renal failure

Bcz they cannot get rid of PO4 so their serum level of PO4 is ⬆️

Take phosphate binders ( CaCO3 ) —> reduce the abs of dietary phosphate from GI tract to the blood to ⬇️ elevated levels of PO4

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14
Q

What happens when there is ⬆️ levels of PO4 (toxicity) ?

A

If there is ⬇️ Ca and ⬆️ P diet —> ⬆️ sec of PTH in blood —> rebalance both minerals in the blood

⬆️ PTH conc —> ⬆️ bone turnover or remodeling —> reduction in bone mass and density —> if chronic —> fragility

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15
Q

What are the 2 major pools of iron?

A
  1. Functional iron:
    A. Hemoglobin
    B. Myoglobin
    C. Enzymes
  2. Storage iron:
    A. Ferritin—> blood protein that stores and transfer iron
    B. Transferrin—> glycoprotein that transfer iron in the blood
    C. Hemosiderin—> Iron storage complex in the cells
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16
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A

Related to its ability to participate in redox reactions:

  1. Blood and resp transport of O2
  2. Active comp of the cytochromes involved in:
    A. Cellular resp
    B. ATP prod
  3. Immunity and cognitive performance
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17
Q

What happens when iron⬇️?

A

ANEMIA And the final stage is hypochromic microcytic anemia

Hypochromic —> paler than normal
Microcytic —> smaller RBC

18
Q

What causes iron to ⬆️?

A

Major cause is hereditary hemochromatosis, —> related to a distinct gene that exceed the iron abs from diet.

19
Q

What happens if iron ⬆️?

A
  1. accumulation of iron in the liver:
    A. Freq blood transfusion in people with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia
    B. Long term ingestion of ⬆️ amount of iron
  2. Sat of tissues with iron—> formation of insoluble hemosiderin —> hemsiderosis —> if with tissue damage —> hemochromatosis
  3. Diseases of cardiovascular system and cancer bcz of redox potential of iron
20
Q

Why ⬆️ iron causes cardiovascular system?

A

Due to enrichment of oxidative environment

21
Q

Why ⬆️ iron causes cancer?

A

Due to generation of excessive amounts of free radicals that attack cellular molecules

22
Q

Where is Mg found?

A

60% in bones
26% in muscle
Remaining in soft tissues

23
Q

What is responsible for Mg homeostasis?

A

A. Intestinal abs

B. Renal excretion

24
Q

What are the functions of Mg ?

A
  1. major —> stabilization of ATP structure and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions.
  2. cofactor for more than 300 enzymes —> metabolism and the synthetic processes.
  3. formation of c-AMP, the “second messenger” ( formed in the response to hormones and other hormone-like molecules)
  4. neuromuscular transmission in combination with calcium, in which calcium stimulates muscle contraction and magnesium relaxes the muscle.
25
Q

What happens when Mg ⬇️?

A

RARE but syms are

  1. Tremors ارتعاش
  2. muscle spasms
  3. personality changes
  4. anorexia
  5. nausea
  6. vomiting
26
Q

What happens when Mg ⬆️?

A

Unlikely to result in toxicity

  1. Can inhibit bone calcification bcz it interferes with abs of Ca from GI
  2. In smelter workers ( place to refine good and metals )who inhaled toxic levels of Mg
27
Q

What amino acids contain sulfur?

A

Cysteine and methionine

Sulfur is also found in organic molecules

28
Q

What are the functions of sulfur?

A
  1. The tertiary structure of proteins is due to the disulfide bridge (-S-S-)
    between two cysteine residues —> required for activities of enzymes and hormones.
  2. Iron-sulfur clusters present in electron transfer proteins are required for oxidative phosphorylation (a life sustaining process).
  3. Cysteine is one of the AA of the triple AA-containing protein, glutathione (Glu-Cys-Gly) for reduction of hydrogen peroxides (i.e. sulfur can act as an antioxidant).
  4. Sulfur is in:
    A. heparin in the liver (anticoagulant)
    B. chondroitin sulfate in bone and cartilage.
  5. Sulfur is an essential in two vitamins
29
Q

What are the vitamins that contain sulfur?

A

Thiamine and biotin

30
Q

What happens in ⬆️ & ⬇️ of S ?

A

Highly unlikely to happen

31
Q

Where is iodine?

A

75% in thyroid gland

Remaining in the lactating mammary glands, gastric mucosa, and blood

32
Q

What are the functions of iodine?

A
  1. Iodine is stored in the thyroid gland —> used in the syn of
    triiodothyronine (T4) and thyroxine (T3) —> thyroid hormones

BUT uptake of iodide ions by the thyroid cells could be inhibited by Goitrogens (substances that present naturally in: food, some chemicals, drugs and minerals).

33
Q

What happens if I2 ⬇️?

A
  1. development of goiter (an enlargement of the thyroid gland, and a shortened height)
  2. Sever iodine deficiency during the period of pregnancy and after child birth results in infants cretinism, a syndrome characterized by mental retardation.
34
Q

How can people with goiter or ⬇️ intake of I2 eat goitrogens?

A

goitrogens containing foods:

cabbage, turnip, peanuts, sweet potatoes, kelp and soybeans are INACTIVATED by cooking.

35
Q

What happens if there is ⬆️ intake of I2?

A

Wide safety margins —> NO HARM

36
Q

What is K?

A

Predominant intracellular cation

37
Q

What is Na ?

A

Predominant extracellular cation

38
Q

What is Cl?

A

Predominant extracellular anion

39
Q

What is PO4?

A

Predominant intracellular anion

40
Q

What are the minerals req for iron balance and nerve function?

A

Na
Cl
K

Chemistry (3 decks)

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